Completed Wave 3 features:

- [X] New User Interface (Responsive)
- [X] Two's Compliment Simulator
- [X] Extended Binary Simulator (Custom bit sizes)
- [X] Unified Binary Simulator (Unsigned & Two's Completment combined)
- [X] Extended Hexadecimal Simulator
- [X] Unified Hexadecimal Simulator (For GCSE & A Level Specification)
- [X] Enhanced Gate Simulator (Truth Table Creator)
- [X] Compound Gate Simulator
- [ ] Computer Components Simulator

Signed-off-by: Alexander Lyall <alex@adcm.uk>

.gitea/workflows/pre-release.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+name: Pre-release on non-main branches
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches-ignore: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  prerelease:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout (full history + tags)
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Stop if this is the bot changelog commit
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          msg="$(git log -1 --pretty=%B)"
+          echo "$msg" | tr -d '\r' | grep -qi "\[skip ci\]" && {
+            echo "Skipping (bot commit with [skip ci])"
+            exit 0
+          } || true
+
+      - name: Install git-cliff
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          GIT_CLIFF_VERSION="2.11.0"
+          URL="https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff/releases/download/v${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}/git-cliff-${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz"
+          curl -L "$URL" -o /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz
+          tar -xzf /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz -C /tmp
+          sudo install /tmp/git-cliff-*/git-cliff /usr/local/bin/git-cliff
+          git-cliff --version
+
+      - name: Generate CHANGELOG.md (in runner only)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          git-cliff --config cliff.toml --output CHANGELOG.md
+          test -s CHANGELOG.md
+
+      - name: Extract newest changelog section for pre-release body
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          awk '
+            /^## / { if (seen) exit; seen=1 }
+            seen { print }
+          ' CHANGELOG.md > RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+          sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' RELEASE_NOTES.md
+          test -s RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+      - name: Create export zip (Computing:Box Website.zip)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          if [ ! -d "dist" ]; then
+            echo "❌ dist/ folder not found in repo root"
+            ls -la
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          rm -f "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          (cd dist && zip -r "../Computing:Box Website.zip" .)
+          test -s "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          ls -lh "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+
+      - name: Prepare pre-release tag + name
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          # Get branch name from ref: refs/heads/feature/x -> feature/x
+          ref="${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}"
+          # Make it tag-safe: lowercase, / -> -, remove invalid chars, collapse repeats
+          safe_branch="$(echo "$ref" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' | sed -E 's#[^a-z0-9._-]+#-#g; s#-+#-#g; s#(^-|-$)##g')"
+
+          VERSION="$(date -u +'%y.%m.%d')"
+          SHORT_SHA="$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"
+
+          # Pre-release tag format:
+          # vYY.MM.DD-pre.<branch>.<sha>
+          TAG="v${VERSION}-pre.${safe_branch}.${SHORT_SHA}"
+
+          # Release name shown in UI
+          RELEASE_NAME="Computing:Box pre-release (${ref}) v${VERSION}"
+
+          echo "TAG=$TAG" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "RELEASE_NAME=$RELEASE_NAME" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "ZIP_PATH=Computing:Box Website.zip" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "BRANCH_NAME=$ref" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          echo "Using tag: $TAG"
+          echo "Release name: $RELEASE_NAME"
+
+      - name: Create and push tag (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          git tag -f "$TAG"
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+
+          # Convert SSH origin to HTTPS if needed
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          authed_url="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E "s#^https://#https://oauth2:${CHANGELOG_PAT}@#")"
+          git push "$authed_url" "refs/tags/$TAG" --force
+
+      - name: Create Gitea pre-release + upload asset (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          base="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#(https?://[^/]+)/.*#\1#')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#https?://[^/]+/##')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$repo_path" | sed -E 's/\.git$//')"
+
+          owner="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f1)"
+          repo="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f2-)"
+
+          api="$base/api/v1"
+
+          python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json, os
+          tag = os.environ["TAG"]
+          name = os.environ["RELEASE_NAME"]
+          branch = os.environ.get("BRANCH_NAME", "")
+
+          with open("RELEASE_NOTES.md", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              body = f.read()
+
+          # Add a small pre-release banner at the top
+          banner = f"⚠️ Pre-release build from branch `{branch}`\n\n"
+          payload = {
+              "tag_name": tag,
+              "target_commitish": branch if branch else "main",
+              "name": name,
+              "body": banner + body,
+              "draft": False,
+              "prerelease": True,
+          }
+
+          with open("release.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              json.dump(payload, f)
+          PY
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases" \
+            --data-binary @release.json \
+            -o release_response.json
+
+          release_id="$(python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json
+          with open("release_response.json","r",encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              data=json.load(f)
+          rid=data.get("id")
+          if not rid:
+              raise SystemExit("No release id returned. Response:\n" + json.dumps(data, indent=2))
+          print(rid)
+          PY
+          )"
+          echo "Created pre-release id: $release_id"
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases/${release_id}/assets?name=Computing%3ABox%20Website.zip" \
+            -F "attachment=@${ZIP_PATH}" \
+            >/dev/null
+
+          echo "✅ Pre-release created: ${RELEASE_NAME} (tag: ${TAG}) with asset uploaded"

.gitea/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+name: Changelog + Release on main
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  changelog_and_release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout (full history + tags)
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Stop if this is the bot changelog commit
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          msg="$(git log -1 --pretty=%B)"
+          echo "$msg" | tr -d '\r' | grep -qi "\[skip ci\]" && {
+            echo "Skipping (bot commit with [skip ci])"
+            exit 0
+          } || true
+
+      - name: Install git-cliff
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          GIT_CLIFF_VERSION="2.11.0"
+          URL="https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff/releases/download/v${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}/git-cliff-${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz"
+          curl -L "$URL" -o /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz
+          tar -xzf /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz -C /tmp
+          sudo install /tmp/git-cliff-*/git-cliff /usr/local/bin/git-cliff
+          git-cliff --version
+
+      - name: Generate CHANGELOG.md (Keep a Changelog)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          git-cliff --config cliff.toml --output CHANGELOG.md
+          test -s CHANGELOG.md
+
+      - name: Commit and push CHANGELOG.md if changed (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          if git diff --quiet -- CHANGELOG.md; then
+            echo "No changelog changes."
+          else
+            git config user.name "changelog-bot"
+            git config user.email "changelog-bot@users.noreply.local"
+
+            git add CHANGELOG.md
+            git commit -m "docs(changelog): update changelog [skip ci]"
+
+            origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+
+            # Convert SSH origin to HTTPS if needed
+            if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+              host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+              path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+              origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+            fi
+
+            authed_url="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E "s#^https://#https://oauth2:${CHANGELOG_PAT}@#")"
+            git push "$authed_url" HEAD:main
+          fi
+
+      - name: Extract newest changelog section for release body
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          # Extract the first "## ..." section (newest section) from CHANGELOG.md
+          # Includes the "## ..." heading and everything until the next "## ..." heading.
+          awk '
+            /^## / { if (seen) exit; seen=1 }
+            seen { print }
+          ' CHANGELOG.md > RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+          # Clean trailing whitespace/newlines a bit
+          sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+          test -s RELEASE_NOTES.md
+          echo "---- RELEASE_NOTES.md ----"
+          head -n 60 RELEASE_NOTES.md
+          echo "--------------------------"
+
+      - name: Create export zip (Computing:Box Website.zip)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          if [ ! -d "dist" ]; then
+            echo "❌ dist/ folder not found in repo root"
+            ls -la
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          rm -f "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          (cd dist && zip -r "../Computing:Box Website.zip" .)
+          test -s "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          ls -lh "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+
+      - name: Prepare YY.MM.DD letter-suffix tag + release name
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          # Version: YY.MM.DD (UTC). Swap to `date +...` if you prefer UK-local runner time.
+          VERSION="$(date -u +'%y.%m.%d')"
+          PREFIX="v${VERSION}."
+
+          last_letter="$(
+            git tag --list "${PREFIX}[a-z]" \
+              | sed -E "s/^${PREFIX}([a-z])$/\1/" \
+              | sort \
+              | tail -n 1
+          )"
+
+          if [ -z "$last_letter" ]; then
+            next_letter="a"
+          else
+            if [ "$last_letter" = "z" ]; then
+              echo "❌ Already have v${VERSION}.z today. Refusing to create more than 26 releases/day."
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            next_letter="$(printf "%b" "$(printf '\\%03o' "$(( $(printf '%d' "'$last_letter") + 1 ))")")"
+          fi
+
+          TAG="${PREFIX}${next_letter}"
+          RELEASE_NAME="Computing:Box v${VERSION}.${next_letter}"
+
+          echo "TAG=$TAG" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "RELEASE_NAME=$RELEASE_NAME" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "ZIP_PATH=Computing:Box Website.zip" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          echo "Using tag: $TAG"
+          echo "Release name: $RELEASE_NAME"
+
+      - name: Create and push tag (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          git tag -f "$TAG"
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+
+          # Convert SSH origin to HTTPS if needed
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          authed_url="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E "s#^https://#https://oauth2:${CHANGELOG_PAT}@#")"
+          git push "$authed_url" "refs/tags/$TAG" --force
+
+      - name: Create Gitea release + upload asset (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          base="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#(https?://[^/]+)/.*#\1#')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#https?://[^/]+/##')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$repo_path" | sed -E 's/\.git$//')"
+
+          owner="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f1)"
+          repo="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f2-)"
+
+          api="$base/api/v1"
+
+          python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json, os
+          tag = os.environ["TAG"]
+          name = os.environ["RELEASE_NAME"]
+
+          with open("RELEASE_NOTES.md", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              body = f.read()
+
+          payload = {
+              "tag_name": tag,
+              "target_commitish": "main",
+              "name": name,
+              "body": body,   # newest section only
+              "draft": False,
+              "prerelease": False,
+          }
+
+          with open("release.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              json.dump(payload, f)
+          PY
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases" \
+            --data-binary @release.json \
+            -o release_response.json
+
+          release_id="$(python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json
+          with open("release_response.json","r",encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              data=json.load(f)
+          rid=data.get("id")
+          if not rid:
+              raise SystemExit("No release id returned. Response:\n" + json.dumps(data, indent=2))
+          print(rid)
+          PY
+          )"
+          echo "Created release id: $release_id"
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases/${release_id}/assets?name=Computing%3ABox%20Website.zip" \
+            -F "attachment=@${ZIP_PATH}" \
+            >/dev/null
+
+          echo "✅ Release created: ${RELEASE_NAME} (tag: ${TAG}) with asset uploaded"

LICENSE

@@ -1,121 +1,437 @@
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README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 # Computing:Box
 An evolution of Bit:Box & CS:Box to incorporate different elements of the UK Computing Curriculum
 
-![Computing:Box Logo](/assets/img/ComputingBox-Logo.png "Computing:Box Logo")
+### Available at:
+- [Personal Gitea Instance](https://git.adcmnetworks.co.uk/alexander.lyall/computing-box),
+- [GitHub](https://github.com/MrLyallCSIT/Computing-Box)
+- [The Official Computing:Box Website](https://www.computingbox.co.uk)
+
+
+<img src="/assets/img/ComputingBox-Logo.png" alt="Computing:Box Logo" width="250px" height="250px"/>
 
 ## Upcoming Features
 ### Original Bit:Box Features (October 2024)
@@ -22,12 +28,26 @@ An evolution of Bit:Box & CS:Box to incorporate different elements of the UK Com
 - [X] XNOR Gate Simulator
 
 ### Wave 3 CS:Box Features (Spring 2026)
+- [ ] New User Interface (Responsive)
 - [X] Two's Compliment Simulator
-- [ ] Extended Binary Simulator (Custom bit sizes)
+- [X] Extended Binary Simulator (Custom bit sizes)
-- [ ] Unified Binary Simulator (Unsigned & Two's Completment combined)
+- [X] Unified Binary Simulator (Unsigned & Two's Completment combined)
+- [ ] Extended Hexadecimal Simulator
+- [ ] Unified Hexadecimal Simulator (For GCSE & A Level Specification)
 - [ ] Enhanced Gate Simulator (Truth Table Creator)
 - [ ] Compound Gate Simulator
 - [ ] Computer Components Simulator
 
 ## Version 1.0 Release Date: 1<sup>st</sup> September 2025
-## Version 2.0 Release Date (Goal): 1<sup>st</sup> February 2025
+## Version 2.0 Release Date (Goal): 1<sup>st</sup> May 2026
+
+Shield: [![CC BY-NC-SA 4.0][cc-by-nc-sa-shield]][cc-by-nc-sa]
+
+This work is licensed under a
+[Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License][cc-by-nc-sa].
+
+[![CC BY-NC-SA 4.0][cc-by-nc-sa-image]][cc-by-nc-sa]
+
+[cc-by-nc-sa]: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+[cc-by-nc-sa-image]: https://licensebuttons.net/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png
+[cc-by-nc-sa-shield]: https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC%20BY--NC--SA%204.0-lightgrey.svg

dist/_astro/binary.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.C_c_A3x5.js

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+(()=>{const d=document.getElementById("bitsGrid"),h=document.getElementById("denaryNumber"),M=document.getElementById("binaryNumber"),f=document.getElementById("bitsInput"),m=document.getElementById("modeToggle"),E=document.getElementById("modeHint"),T=document.getElementById("lblUnsigned"),k=document.getElementById("lblTwos"),H=document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary"),G=document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary"),P=document.getElementById("btnShiftLeft"),V=document.getElementById("btnShiftRight"),q=document.getElementById("btnDec"),Z=document.getElementById("btnInc"),z=document.getElementById("btnClear"),I=document.getElementById("btnRandom"),O=document.getElementById("btnBitsUp"),W=document.getElementById("btnBitsDown"),R=document.getElementById("toolboxToggle"),w=document.getElementById("binaryPage");let i=b(Number(f?.value??8),1,64),s=new Array(i).fill(!1),u=null;function b(t,n,e){return Number.isFinite(t)?Math.max(n,Math.min(e,Math.trunc(t))):n}function l(){return!!m?.checked}function a(t){return 1n<<BigInt(t)}function y(t){return a(t)}function $(t){return a(t)-1n}function B(t){return-a(t-1)}function p(t){return a(t-1)-1n}function v(){let t=0n;for(let n=0;n<i;n++)s[n]&&(t+=a(n));return t}function g(t){const n=y(i),e=(t%n+n)%n;for(let o=0;o<i;o++)s[o]=(e>>BigInt(o)&1n)===1n}function L(){const t=v();return s[i-1]===!0?t-a(i):t}function x(t){const n=a(i);let e=t;e=(e%n+n)%n,g(e)}function j(){let t="";for(let n=i-1;n>=0;n--){t+=s[n]?"1":"0";const e=i-n;n!==0&&e%4===0&&(t+=" ")}return t.trimEnd()}function D(){E&&(l()?E.textContent="Tip: In two's complement, the left-most bit (MSB) represents a negative value.":E.textContent="Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.")}function A(){if(!d)return;const t=d.parentElement;if(!t)return;const n=t.getBoundingClientRect().width,o=b(Math.floor(n/100),1,12);d.style.setProperty("--cols",String(Math.min(o,i)))}function C(t){i=b(t,1,64),f&&(f.value=String(i));const n=s.slice();s=new Array(i).fill(!1);for(let e=0;e<Math.min(n.length,i);e++)s[e]=n[e];d.innerHTML="",d.classList.toggle("bitsFew",i<8);for(let e=i-1;e>=0;e--){const o=document.createElement("div");o.className="bit",o.innerHTML=`
+        <div class="bulb" id="bulb-${e}" aria-hidden="true">
+          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+            <path d="M12 2.25a6.75 6.75 0 0 0-6.75 6.75c0 2.537 1.393 4.75 3.493 5.922l.507.282v1.546h5.5v-1.546l.507-.282A6.75 6.75 0 0 0 12 2.25Zm-2.25 16.5v.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 4.5 0v-.75h-4.5Z"/>
+          </svg>
+        </div>
+        <div class="bitVal" id="bitLabel-${e}"></div>
+        <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle bit ${e}">
+          <input type="checkbox" data-index="${e}">
+          <span class="slider"></span>
+        </label>
+      `,d.appendChild(o)}d.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach(e=>{e.addEventListener("change",()=>{const o=Number(e.dataset.index);s[o]=e.checked,r()})}),A(),r()}function J(){for(let t=0;t<i;t++){const n=document.getElementById(`bitLabel-${t}`);if(!n)continue;let e;l()&&t===i-1?e=`-${a(i-1).toString()}`:e=a(t).toString(),n.textContent=e,n.style.setProperty("--len",e.length)}}function K(){d.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach(t=>{const n=Number(t.dataset.index);t.checked=!!s[n]})}function Q(){for(let t=0;t<i;t++){const n=document.getElementById(`bulb-${t}`);n&&n.classList.toggle("on",s[t]===!0)}}function X(){!h||!M||(l()?h.textContent=L().toString():h.textContent=v().toString(),M.textContent=j())}function r(){D(),T&&k&&(T.classList.toggle("activeMode",!l()),k.classList.toggle("activeMode",l())),J(),K(),Q(),X()}function Y(t){const n=String(t??"").replace(/\s+/g,"");if(!/^[01]+$/.test(n))return!1;const e=n.slice(-i).padStart(i,"0");for(let o=0;o<i;o++){const c=e[e.length-1-o];s[o]=c==="1"}return r(),!0}function _(t){const n=String(t??"").trim();if(!n)return!1;let e;try{if(!/^-?\d+$/.test(n))return!1;e=BigInt(n)}catch{return!1}if(l()){const o=B(i),c=p(i);if(e<o||e>c)return!1;x(e)}else{if(e<0n||e>$(i))return!1;g(e)}return r(),!0}function tt(){for(let t=i-1;t>=1;t--)s[t]=s[t-1];s[0]=!1,r()}function nt(){const t=s[i-1];for(let n=0;n<i-1;n++)s[n]=s[n+1];s[i-1]=l()?t:!1,r()}function et(){s=[],m&&(m.checked=!1),C(8)}function it(){if(l()){const t=B(i),n=p(i);let e=L()+1n;e>n&&(e=t),x(e)}else{const t=y(i);g((v()+1n)%t)}r()}function ot(){if(l()){const t=B(i),n=p(i);let e=L()-1n;e<t&&(e=n),x(e)}else{const t=y(i);g((v()-1n+t)%t)}r()}function st(t){if(t<=0n)return 0n;const n=t.toString(2).length,e=Math.ceil(n/8);for(;;){const o=new Uint8Array(e);crypto.getRandomValues(o);let c=0n;for(const ct of o)c=c<<8n|BigInt(ct);const U=BigInt(e*8-n);if(U>0n&&(c=c>>U),c<t)return c}}function lt(){const t=y(i),n=st(t);g(n),r()}function N(t){I&&I.classList.toggle("btnRandomRunning",!!t)}function rt(){u&&(clearInterval(u),u=null),N(!0);const t=Date.now(),n=1125;u=setInterval(()=>{lt(),Date.now()-t>=n&&(clearInterval(u),u=null,N(!1))},80)}function S(t){const n=b(t,1,64);C(n)}function F(t){if(!w)return;w.classList.toggle("toolboxCollapsed",!!t);const n=!t;R?.setAttribute("aria-expanded",n?"true":"false")}m?.addEventListener("change",r),H?.addEventListener("click",()=>{const t=prompt(`Enter binary (spaces allowed). Current width: ${i} bits`);t!==null&&(Y(t)||alert("Invalid binary"))}),G?.addEventListener("click",()=>{const t=prompt(l()?`Enter denary (${B(i).toString()} to ${p(i).toString()}):`:`Enter denary (0 to ${$(i).toString()}):`);t!==null&&(_(t)||alert("Invalid denary for current mode/bit width"))}),P?.addEventListener("click",tt),V?.addEventListener("click",nt),Z?.addEventListener("click",it),q?.addEventListener("click",ot),z?.addEventListener("click",et),I?.addEventListener("click",rt),O?.addEventListener("click",()=>S(i+1)),W?.addEventListener("click",()=>S(i-1)),f?.addEventListener("change",()=>S(Number(f.value))),R?.addEventListener("click",()=>{const t=w?.classList.contains("toolboxCollapsed");F(!t)}),window.addEventListener("resize",()=>{A()}),D(),C(i),F(!1)})();

dist/binary/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"> <head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Binary Simulator | Computing:Box</title><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;700;800;900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/binary.BbxrcYRT.css"></head> <body> <header class="siteNav"> <div class="navInner"> <a class="brand" href="/"> <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo"> <span class="brandName">COMPUTING:BOX</span> </a> <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation"> <a href="/about">ABOUT</a> <a href="/binary">BINARY</a> <a href="/hexadecimal">HEXADECIMAL</a> <a href="/hex-colours">HEX COLOURS</a> <a href="/logic-gates">LOGIC GATES</a> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="pageWrap">  <div class="binaryPage" id="binaryPage"> <button id="toolboxToggle" class="toolboxToggle" type="button" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span> <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span> </button> <section class="topGrid"> <div class="leftCol"> <div class="readout"> <div class="label">Denary</div> <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div> <div class="label">Binary</div> <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">00000000</div> </div> <div class="divider"></div> <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Bit switches"> <div class="bitsGrid" id="bitsGrid"></div> </section> </div> <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox"> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div> <div class="toggleRow"> <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblUnsigned">Unsigned</div> <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle mode"> <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox"> <span class="slider"></span> </label> <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblTwos">Two's complement</div> </div> <div class="hint" id="modeHint">
+Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.
+</div> <div class="subCard"> <div class="subTitle">Bit width</div> <div class="bitWidthRow"> <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button> <div class="bitInputWrap"> <div class="bitInputLabel">Bits</div> <input id="bitsInput" class="bitInput" type="number" inputmode="numeric" min="1" max="64" step="1" value="8" aria-label="Number of bits"> </div> <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Custom Number</div> <div class="controlsRow"> <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button> <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button> </div> <button class="btn btnWide" id="btnRandom" type="button">Random</button> <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div> </div> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div> <div class="toolRowCentered"> <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolDec" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button> <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolInc" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button> </div> <div class="toolRow2"> <button class="btn btnHalf" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button> <button class="btn btnHalf" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button> </div> <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button> </div> </aside> </section> </div> <script type="module" src="/_astro/binary.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.C_c_A3x5.js"></script>  </main> <footer class="siteFooter"> <div class="footerInner"> <div>COMPUTER SCIENCE CONCEPT SIMULATORS</div> <div>© 2026 COMPUTING:BOX • CREATED WITH ♥ BY MR LYALL</div> </div> </footer> </body></html>

dist/favicon.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 128 128">
+    <path d="M50.4 78.5a75.1 75.1 0 0 0-28.5 6.9l24.2-65.7c.7-2 1.9-3.2 3.4-3.2h29c1.5 0 2.7 1.2 3.4 3.2l24.2 65.7s-11.6-7-28.5-7L67 45.5c-.4-1.7-1.6-2.8-2.9-2.8-1.3 0-2.5 1.1-2.9 2.7L50.4 78.5Zm-1.1 28.2Zm-4.2-20.2c-2 6.6-.6 15.8 4.2 20.2a17.5 17.5 0 0 1 .2-.7 5.5 5.5 0 0 1 5.7-4.5c2.8.1 4.3 1.5 4.7 4.7.2 1.1.2 2.3.2 3.5v.4c0 2.7.7 5.2 2.2 7.4a13 13 0 0 0 5.7 4.9v-.3l-.2-.3c-1.8-5.6-.5-9.5 4.4-12.8l1.5-1a73 73 0 0 0 3.2-2.2 16 16 0 0 0 6.8-11.4c.3-2 .1-4-.6-6l-.8.6-1.6 1a37 37 0 0 1-22.4 2.7c-5-.7-9.7-2-13.2-6.2Z" />
+    <style>
+        path { fill: #000; }
+        @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+            path { fill: #FFF; }
+        }
+    </style>
+</svg>

dist/hexadecimal/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"> <head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Hexadecimal Simulator | Computing:Box</title><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;700;800;900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/binary.BbxrcYRT.css"></head> <body> <header class="siteNav"> <div class="navInner"> <a class="brand" href="/"> <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo"> <span class="brandName">COMPUTING:BOX</span> </a> <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation"> <a href="/about">ABOUT</a> <a href="/binary">BINARY</a> <a href="/hexadecimal">HEXADECIMAL</a> <a href="/hex-colours">HEX COLOURS</a> <a href="/logic-gates">LOGIC GATES</a> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="pageWrap">  <div class="binaryPage" id="hexPage"> <button id="toolboxToggle" class="toolboxToggle" type="button" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span> <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span> </button> <section class="topGrid"> <div class="leftCol"> <div class="readout"> <div class="label">Denary</div> <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div> <div class="label">Hexadecimal</div> <div id="hexNumber" class="num hexValue">00</div> <div class="label">Binary</div> <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">00000000</div> </div> <div class="divider"></div> <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Hexadecimal sliders"> <div class="hexGrid" id="hexGrid"></div> </section> </div> <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox"> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div> <div class="hint" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 14px;">
+Hexadecimal represents numbers using base 16 (0-9, A-F).
+</div> <div class="subCard"> <div class="subTitle">Digit width</div> <div class="bitWidthRow"> <button class="miniBtn" id="btnDigitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease digits">−</button> <div class="bitInputWrap"> <div class="bitInputLabel">Digits</div> <input id="digitsInput" class="bitInput" type="number" inputmode="numeric" min="1" max="16" step="1" value="2" aria-label="Number of hex digits"> </div> <button class="miniBtn" id="btnDigitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase digits">+</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Custom Number</div> <div class="controlsRow"> <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomHex" type="button">Custom Hex</button> <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button> </div> <div class="controlsRow"> <button class="btn btnAccent btnWide" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button> </div> <button class="btn btnWide" id="btnRandom" type="button">Random</button> <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div> </div> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div> <div class="toolRowCentered"> <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolDec" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button> <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolInc" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button> </div> <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button> </div> </aside> </section> </div> <script type="module" src="/_astro/hexadecimal.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.C4Wx7oaX.js"></script>  </main> <footer class="siteFooter"> <div class="footerInner"> <div>COMPUTER SCIENCE CONCEPT SIMULATORS</div> <div>© 2026 COMPUTING:BOX • CREATED WITH ♥ BY MR LYALL</div> </div> </footer> </body></html>

dist/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg"><meta name="generator" content="Astro v5.18.0"><title>Astro Basics</title><style>#background[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:-1;filter:blur(100px)}#container[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{font-family:Inter,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial Nova,Nimbus Sans,Arial,sans-serif;height:100%}main[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}#hero[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;align-items:start;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:16px}h1[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{font-size:22px;margin-top:.25em}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;gap:16px}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:10px 12px;color:#111827;text-decoration:none;transition:color .2s}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]:hover{color:#4e5056}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] svg[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{height:1em;margin-left:8px}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs].button{color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(83.21deg,#3245ff,#bc52ee);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ffffff1f,inset 0 -2px #0000003d;border-radius:10px}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs].button:hover{color:#e6e6e6;box-shadow:none}pre[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{font-family:ui-monospace,Cascadia Code,Source Code Pro,Menlo,Consolas,DejaVu Sans Mono,monospace;font-weight:400;background:linear-gradient(14deg,#d83333,#f041ff);-webkit-background-clip:text;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;background-clip:text;margin:0}h2[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{margin:0 0 1em;font-weight:400;color:#111827;font-size:20px}p[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{color:#4b5563;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:-.006em;margin:0}code[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:inline-block;background:linear-gradient(66.77deg,#f3cddd,#f5cee7) padding-box,linear-gradient(155deg,#d83333,#f041ff 18%,#f5cee7 45%) border-box;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid transparent;padding:6px 8px}.box[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{padding:16px;background:#fff;border-radius:16px;border:1px solid white}#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{position:absolute;bottom:16px;right:16px;max-width:300px;text-decoration:none;transition:background .2s;backdrop-filter:blur(50px)}#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]:hover{background:#ffffff8c}@media screen and (max-height:368px){#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:none}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){#container[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#hero[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:block;padding-top:10%}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{flex-wrap:wrap}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs].button{padding:14px 18px}#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{right:16px;left:16px;bottom:2.5rem;max-width:100%}h1[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{line-height:1.5}}html,body{margin:0;width:100%;height:100%}
+</style></head> <body data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>  <div id="container" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <img id="background" src="/_astro/background.BPKAcmfN.svg" alt="" fetchpriority="high" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <main data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <section id="hero" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <a href="https://astro.build" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><img src="/_astro/astro.Dm8K3lV8.svg" width="115" height="48" alt="Astro Homepage" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs></a> <h1 data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>
+To get started, open the <code data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><pre data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>src/pages</pre></code> directory in your project.
+</h1> <section id="links" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <a class="button" href="https://docs.astro.build" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>Read our docs</a> <a href="https://astro.build/chat" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>Join our Discord <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 127.14 96.36" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><path fill="currentColor" d="M107.7 8.07A105.15 105.15 0 0 0 81.47 0a72.06 72.06 0 0 0-3.36 6.83 97.68 97.68 0 0 0-29.11 0A72.37 72.37 0 0 0 45.64 0a105.89 105.89 0 0 0-26.25 8.09C2.79 32.65-1.71 56.6.54 80.21a105.73 105.73 0 0 0 32.17 16.15 77.7 77.7 0 0 0 6.89-11.11 68.42 68.42 0 0 1-10.85-5.18c.91-.66 1.8-1.34 2.66-2a75.57 75.57 0 0 0 64.32 0c.87.71 1.76 1.39 2.66 2a68.68 68.68 0 0 1-10.87 5.19 77 77 0 0 0 6.89 11.1 105.25 105.25 0 0 0 32.19-16.14c2.64-27.38-4.51-51.11-18.9-72.15ZM42.45 65.69C36.18 65.69 31 60 31 53s5-12.74 11.43-12.74S54 46 53.89 53s-5.05 12.69-11.44 12.69Zm42.24 0C78.41 65.69 73.25 60 73.25 53s5-12.74 11.44-12.74S96.23 46 96.12 53s-5.04 12.69-11.43 12.69Z" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs></path></svg> </a> </section> </section> </main> <a href="https://astro.build/blog/astro-5/" id="news" class="box" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <svg width="32" height="32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><path d="M24.667 12c1.333 1.414 2 3.192 2 5.334 0 4.62-4.934 5.7-7.334 12C18.444 28.567 18 27.456 18 26c0-4.642 6.667-7.053 6.667-14Zm-5.334-5.333c1.6 1.65 2.4 3.43 2.4 5.333 0 6.602-8.06 7.59-6.4 17.334C13.111 27.787 12 25.564 12 22.666c0-4.434 7.333-8 7.333-16Zm-6-5.333C15.111 3.555 16 5.556 16 7.333c0 8.333-11.333 10.962-5.333 22-3.488-.774-6-4-6-8 0-8.667 8.666-10 8.666-20Z" fill="#111827" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs></path></svg> <h2 data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>What's New in Astro 5.0?</h2> <p data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>
+From content layers to server islands, click to learn more about the new features and
+			improvements in Astro 5.0
+</p> </a> </div>   </body></html>

dist/js/binary/unsigned-binary.js

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Browser-only script. Safe because it's loaded via <script> (not server-imported).
+
+const BIT_COUNT = 8; // unsigned page = 8 bits
+const bitValues = [128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1];
+
+const elDenary = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
+const elBinary = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
+const elSwitches = document.getElementById("bitSwitches");
+
+const btnCustomDenary = document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary");
+const btnCustomBinary = document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary");
+const btnReset = document.getElementById("btnReset");
+
+let bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
+
+function renderSwitches() {
+  elSwitches.innerHTML = "";
+
+  bitValues.forEach((value, index) => {
+    const id = `bit-${value}`;
+
+    const wrapper = document.createElement("div");
+    wrapper.className = "switch-col";
+
+    const labelTop = document.createElement("div");
+    labelTop.className = "bit-label";
+    labelTop.textContent = value;
+
+    const label = document.createElement("label");
+    label.className = "rocker";
+    label.setAttribute("for", id);
+
+    const input = document.createElement("input");
+    input.type = "checkbox";
+    input.id = id;
+    input.checked = bits[index];
+
+    input.addEventListener("change", () => {
+      bits[index] = input.checked;
+      updateNumbers();
+    });
+
+    const span = document.createElement("span");
+    span.className = "rocker-body";
+    span.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
+
+    label.appendChild(input);
+    label.appendChild(span);
+
+    wrapper.appendChild(labelTop);
+    wrapper.appendChild(label);
+
+    elSwitches.appendChild(wrapper);
+  });
+}
+
+function updateNumbers() {
+  const binary = bits.map(b => (b ? "1" : "0")).join("");
+  const denary = bits.reduce((acc, b, i) => acc + (b ? bitValues[i] : 0), 0);
+
+  elBinary.textContent = binary;
+  elDenary.textContent = denary.toString();
+}
+
+function resetAll() {
+  bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
+  renderSwitches();
+  updateNumbers();
+}
+
+function requestCustomDenary() {
+  let input = prompt(`Enter a denary number (0 to 255):`);
+  if (input === null) return;
+
+  const n = Number.parseInt(input, 10);
+  if (Number.isNaN(n) || n < 0 || n > 255) {
+    alert("Invalid input. Enter a number from 0 to 255.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  let remaining = n;
+  bits = bitValues.map(v => {
+    if (remaining >= v) {
+      remaining -= v;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  });
+
+  renderSwitches();
+  updateNumbers();
+}
+
+function requestCustomBinary() {
+  let input = prompt(`Enter an ${BIT_COUNT}-bit binary number (e.g. 01010101):`);
+  if (input === null) return;
+
+  input = input.trim();
+  const re = new RegExp(`^[01]{${BIT_COUNT}}$`);
+  if (!re.test(input)) {
+    alert(`Invalid input. Enter exactly ${BIT_COUNT} digits using only 0 or 1.`);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  bits = input.split("").map(c => c === "1");
+  renderSwitches();
+  updateNumbers();
+}
+
+btnCustomDenary?.addEventListener("click", requestCustomDenary);
+btnCustomBinary?.addEventListener("click", requestCustomBinary);
+btnReset?.addEventListener("click", resetAll);
+
+renderSwitches();
+updateNumbers();

dist/js/tools/unsigned-binary.js

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// public/js/tools/unsigned-binary.js
+// Lightweight: no frameworks. Works on weak devices.
+const BIT_COUNT = 8;
+const MAX_DENARY = 255;
+let bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
+function bitsToBinaryString(){
+ return bits.map(b => (b ? "1" : "0")).join("");
+}
+function bitsToDenary(){
+ // MSB on the left: 128..1
+ const weights = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
+ return bits.reduce((acc, b, i) => acc + (b ? weights[i] : 0), 0);
+}
+function render(){
+ const grid = document.getElementById("bitGrid");
+ grid.innerHTML = "";
+ const weights = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
+ bits.forEach((on, i) => {
+ const btn = document.createElement("button");
+ btn.type = "button";
+ btn.className = "btn";
+ btn.style.width = "100%";
+ btn.style.justifyContent = "space-between";
+ btn.setAttribute("aria-pressed", on ? "true" : "false");
+ btn.innerHTML = `<span>${weights[i]}</span><b>${on ? "1" : "0"}</b>`;
+ btn.addEventListener("click", () => {
+ bits[i] = !bits[i];
+ update();
+ });
+ grid.appendChild(btn);
+ });
+}
+function update(){
+ document.getElementById("binaryNumber").innerText = bitsToBinaryString();
+ document.getElementById("denaryNumber").innerText = bitsToDenary();
+ render();
+}
+function requestBinary(){
+ let v;
+ do{
+ v = prompt("Enter an 8-bit binary value (8 digits, only 0 or 1):", bitsToBinaryString());
+ if(v === null) return;
+ v = v.trim();
+ }while(!/^[01]{8}$/.test(v));
+ bits = v.split("").map(ch => ch === "1");
+ update();
+}
+function requestDenary(){
+ let v;
+ do{
+ v = prompt("Enter a denary value (0 to 255):", String(bitsToDenary()));
+ if(v === null) return;
+ v = Number(v);
+ }while(!Number.isInteger(v) || v < 0 || v > MAX_DENARY);
+ // set bits from MSB to LSB
+ const weights = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
+ bits = weights.map(w => {
+ if(v >= w){ v -= w; return true; }
+ return false;
+ });
+ update();
+}
+function reset(){
+ bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
+ update();
+}
+document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => {
+ document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary")?.addEventListener("click", requestBinary);
+ document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary")?.addEventListener("click", requestDenary);
+ document.getElementById("btnReset")?.addEventListener("click", reset);
+ update();
+});

dist/styles.css

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/* src/styles/md3-tokens.css */
+/* MD3-inspired tokens tuned for education: high readability, clear contrast, calm surfaces */
+:root{
+ /* Typography */
+ --font-sans: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+ --font-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;
+ /* Spacing + shape */
+ --radius-1: 10px;
+ --radius-2: 16px;
+ --radius-3: 22px;
+ --shadow-1: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.08), 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.06);
+ /* Color roles (keep simple) */
+ --md-surface: #ffffff;
+ --md-surface-2: #f6f7fb;
+ --md-on-surface: #111318;
+ --md-primary: #2f6fed; /* calm blue */
+ --md-on-primary: #ffffff;
+ --md-secondary: #5a5f72; /* muted */
+ --md-on-secondary: #ffffff;
+ --md-tertiary: #0f766e; /* teal for "practical" tools */
+ --md-on-tertiary: #ffffff;
+ --md-outline: #d7dbe7;
+ --md-success: #1a7f37;
+ --md-warning: #b54708;
+ --md-danger: #b42318;
+ /* Focus ring for accessibility */
+ --md-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(47,111,237,.28);
+}
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){
+ :root{
+ --md-surface: #0b0e14;
+ --md-surface-2: #121725;
+ --md-on-surface: #e8eaf2;
+ --md-primary: #9bb6ff;
+ --md-on-primary: #0b0e14;
+ --md-secondary: #b8bccd;
+ --md-on-secondary: #0b0e14;
+ --md-tertiary: #4fd1c5;
+ --md-on-tertiary: #0b0e14;
+ --md-outline: #2b3244;
+ --md-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(155,182,255,.25);
+ }
+}
+
+/* src/styles/base.css */
+@import "./md3-tokens.css";
+html, body{ height:100%; }
+body{
+ margin:0;
+ font-family: var(--font-sans);
+ background: var(--md-surface-2);
+ color: var(--md-on-surface);
+}
+a{ color: var(--md-primary); text-decoration: none; }
+a:hover{ text-decoration: underline; }
+.container{
+ max-width: 1100px;
+ margin: 0 auto;
+ padding: 16px;
+}
+.card{
+ background: var(--md-surface);
+ border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
+ border-radius: var(--radius-2);
+ box-shadow: var(--shadow-1);
+ padding: 16px;
+}
+.btn{
+ display:inline-flex;
+ gap:8px;
+ align-items:center;
+ justify-content:center;
+ border-radius: 999px;
+ border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
+ background: var(--md-surface);
+ color: var(--md-on-surface);
+ padding: 10px 14px;
+ font-weight: 600;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+.btn:hover{ filter: brightness(0.98); }
+.btn:focus{ outline:none; box-shadow: var(--md-focus); }
+.btn-primary{
+ background: var(--md-primary);
+ color: var(--md-on-primary);
+ border-color: transparent;
+}
+.badge{
+ display:inline-block;
+ padding: 2px 10px;
+ border-radius: 999px;
+ font-size: 12px;
+ border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
+ background: var(--md-surface-2);
+}
+code, pre{ font-family: var(--font-mono); }

package.json

@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@
     "astro": "astro"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "astro": "^5.16.5"
+    "astro": "^5.18.0"
   }
-}
+}

public/css/tools/binary.css

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-/* ---------- DSEG7 font ---------- */
-/* Put your font file here:
-   public/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff2
-*/
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular";
-  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff2") format("woff2");
-  font-display: swap;
-}
-
-/* ---------- Layout ---------- */
-.tool-shell {
-  min-height: 100vh;
-  display: grid;
-  place-items: center;
-  padding: 1rem;
-  background: #0b0f14;
-  color: #e7eaf0;
-  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
-}
-
-.tool-card {
-  width: min(1100px, 100%);
-  background: #111824;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-  border-radius: 18px;
-  padding: 1rem;
-}
-
-.tool-header h1 { margin: 0 0 .25rem 0; font-size: 1.4rem; }
-.tool-header p { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; opacity: .85; }
-
-.display-grid {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
-  gap: .75rem;
-  margin-bottom: .75rem;
-}
-
-.display-box {
-  background: #0b0f14;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-  border-radius: 14px;
-  padding: .75rem;
-}
-
-.display-label { font-size: .9rem; opacity: .8; margin-bottom: .25rem; }
-
-.sevenseg {
-  font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular", monospace;
-  font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.2rem);
-  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
-  line-height: 1.1;
-}
-
-/* Buttons under denary/binary (your request) */
-.actions {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  gap: .5rem;
-  margin-bottom: 1rem;
-}
-
-/* ---------- Simple MD3-ish buttons ---------- */
-.md3-btn {
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.16);
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
-  color: #e7eaf0;
-  padding: .6rem .9rem;
-  border-radius: 999px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  font-weight: 600;
-}
-.md3-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
-.md3-btn--tonal { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
-
-/* ---------- Switches row ---------- */
-.switch-row {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(8, minmax(90px, 1fr));
-  gap: .75rem;
-}
-
-.switch-col {
-  display: grid;
-  justify-items: center;
-  gap: .35rem;
-}
-
-.bit-label { opacity: .85; font-weight: 600; }
-
-/* ---------- “Light switch” rocker ---------- */
-.rocker {
-  position: relative;
-  width: 70px;
-  height: 46px;
-  display: inline-block;
-  user-select: none;
-}
-
-.rocker input {
-  opacity: 0;
-  width: 0;
-  height: 0;
-}
-
-.rocker-body {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: 0;
-  border-radius: 12px;
-  background: #1a2331;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
-  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
-}
-
-/* the “toggle” */
-.rocker-body::after {
-  content: "";
-  position: absolute;
-  left: 6px;
-  top: 6px;
-  width: 58px;
-  height: 18px;
-  border-radius: 10px;
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.20);
-  transition: transform 180ms ease, background 180ms ease;
-}
-
-/* ON position */
-.rocker input:checked + .rocker-body::after {
-  transform: translateY(16px);
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.55);
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 900px) {
-  .switch-row { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(90px, 1fr)); }
-}

renovate.json

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://docs.renovatebot.com/renovate-schema.json"
+}

src/components/simulators/HexSimulator.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+---
+import "./hex/hex-simulator.css";
+---
+
+<section class="hex-sim" data-hex-sim>
+  <div class="hex-main">
+    <div class="hex-readout">
+      <div class="hex-label">DENARY</div>
+      <div class="hex-number" data-out="denary">0</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-label hex-mt">HEXADECIMAL</div>
+      <div class="hex-number hex-number--small" data-out="hex">00</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-label hex-mt">BINARY</div>
+      <div class="hex-number hex-number--tiny" data-out="bin">0000 0000</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-divider"></div>
+
+    <div class="hex-digits" data-out="digitsRow"></div>
+  </div>
+
+  <!-- Toolbox button -->
+  <button class="hex-toolbox-btn" type="button" data-action="toggleToolbox" aria-controls="hex-toolbox" aria-expanded="true">
+    <span class="hex-toolbox-icon" aria-hidden="true">
+      <!-- toolbox icon -->
+      <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="18" height="18" fill="none">
+        <path d="M9 7V6a3 3 0 0 1 6 0v1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+        <path d="M4 9h16l-1.3 10.4A2 2 0 0 1 16.7 21H7.3a2 2 0 0 1-1.98-1.6L4 9Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+        <path d="M10 13h4" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+      </svg>
+    </span>
+    TOOLBOX
+  </button>
+
+  <!-- Toolbox panel -->
+  <aside class="hex-toolbox is-open" id="hex-toolbox" data-out="toolbox">
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">SETTINGS</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-setting-title">HEX DIGIT WIDTH</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-width">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsMinus">−</button>
+
+        <div class="hex-width-readout">
+          <div class="hex-width-label">DIGITS</div>
+          <div class="hex-width-number" data-out="digitsCount">2</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsPlus">+</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-hint" data-out="bitsHint">= 8 bits</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">CUSTOM NUMBER</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-grid-2">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customHex">Custom Hexadecimal</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customDenary">Custom Denary</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Custom Binary + Random on SAME row, same size -->
+      <div class="hex-grid-2 hex-mt-sm">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customBinary">Custom Binary</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--random" type="button" data-action="random" data-random>Random</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-tiny-note">RANDOM RUNS BRIEFLY THEN STOPS AUTOMATICALLY.</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">TOOLS</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-tools-top">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="decrement" title="Decrement">▼</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="increment" title="Increment">▲</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--reset" type="button" data-action="reset">Reset</button>
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+
+  <!-- Custom number dialog -->
+  <dialog class="hex-dialog" data-out="dialog">
+    <div class="hex-dialog-card">
+      <div class="hex-dialog-title" data-out="dialogTitle">Custom</div>
+
+      <input class="hex-dialog-input hex-font-mono" data-out="dialogInput" />
+
+      <div class="hex-dialog-hint" data-out="dialogHint"></div>
+      <div class="hex-dialog-error" data-out="dialogError" aria-live="polite"></div>
+
+      <div class="hex-dialog-actions">
+        <button class="hex-btn" type="button" data-action="dialogCancel">Cancel</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="dialogApply">Apply</button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </dialog>
+
+  <script type="module" src="/src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts"></script>
+</section>

src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.css

@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/* ================= Fonts to match Binary ================= */
+/* Adjust paths to wherever you store fonts (commonly /public/fonts/...) */
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic";
+  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff") format("woff"),
+       url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment";
+  src: url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff2") format("woff2"),
+       url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff") format("woff");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+
+.hex-sim {
+  min-height: 100vh;
+  background: #14151c;
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  padding: 28px;
+}
+
+.hex-font-number { font-family: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, monospace; }
+.hex-font-mono   { font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace; }
+
+.hex-main { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; width: 100%; padding-top: 40px; }
+
+.hex-readout { text-align: center; }
+.hex-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+.hex-mt { margin-top: 12px; }
+
+.hex-number {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 76px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  color: #46ff8a;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.18);
+}
+.hex-number--small { font-size: 64px; }
+.hex-number--tiny  { font-size: 54px; letter-spacing: 6px; }
+
+.hex-divider {
+  margin: 26px auto 18px;
+  height: 1px;
+  width: min(760px, 90%);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+}
+
+/* ================= Main digit columns ================= */
+.hex-digits {
+  margin-top: 18px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 18px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-col {
+  width: 160px;
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 12px;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 10px;
+  justify-items: center;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-controls {
+  width: 100%;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-char {
+  font-size: 64px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  color: #46ff8a;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.18);
+}
+
+.hex-digit-place {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+}
+
+/* ================= Bulbs (brightness changes) ================= */
+.hex-bulbs {
+  width: 100%;
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: end;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb {
+  display: grid;
+  justify-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  opacity: 0.35;
+  filter: grayscale(30%);
+  transition: opacity 160ms ease, filter 160ms ease;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-cap {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.22);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-glow {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 10px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: rgba(70,255,138,0.0);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(70,255,138,0.0);
+  transition: background 160ms ease, box-shadow 160ms ease;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  opacity: 0.8;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb.is-on {
+  opacity: 1;
+  filter: none;
+}
+.hex-bulb.is-on .hex-bulb-cap {
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.35);
+}
+.hex-bulb.is-on .hex-bulb-glow {
+  background: rgba(70,255,138,0.25);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.35);
+}
+
+/* ================= Buttons (toolbox style reused everywhere) ================= */
+.hex-btn {
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, sans-serif;
+}
+.hex-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
+
+.hex-btn--square {
+  width: 48px;
+  height: 48px;
+  padding: 0;
+  display: grid;
+  place-items: center;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+
+.hex-btn--wide { width: 100%; }
+
+.hex-btn--green {
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(46,200,120,0.35);
+}
+.hex-btn--green:hover { background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.26); }
+
+.hex-btn--green2 {
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(46,200,120,0.35);
+}
+
+.hex-btn--red {
+  background: rgba(220, 60, 70, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(220,60,70,0.35);
+}
+
+/* Random = green pulse while running */
+.hex-btn--random.is-running {
+  border-color: rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.55);
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.22);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.35);
+  animation: hexPulseGreen 900ms ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes hexPulseGreen {
+  0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 14px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.25); }
+  50% { box-shadow: 0 0 26px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.45); }
+}
+
+/* Reset = red background + pulse on hover */
+.hex-btn--reset:hover {
+  background: rgba(220, 60, 70, 0.28);
+  border-color: rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.55);
+  animation: hexPulseRed 900ms ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes hexPulseRed {
+  0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 12px rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.20); }
+  50% { box-shadow: 0 0 22px rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.38); }
+}
+
+/* ================= Toolbox button + panel (slide) ================= */
+.hex-toolbox-btn {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 88px;
+  right: 28px;
+  z-index: 30;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.hex-toolbox-icon {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  color: #ff4fa6;
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 10px rgba(255,79,166,0.35));
+}
+
+.hex-toolbox {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 140px;
+  right: 28px;
+  width: 340px;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 14px;
+  z-index: 25;
+
+  transform: translateX(0);
+  opacity: 1;
+  transition: transform 220ms ease, opacity 220ms ease;
+}
+.hex-toolbox:not(.is-open) {
+  transform: translateX(380px);
+  opacity: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.hex-panel {
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.04);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 14px;
+}
+.hex-panel-title {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.hex-setting-title { font-weight: 900; opacity: 0.9; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+
+.hex-width {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr 48px;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+.hex-width-readout {
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.22);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: baseline;
+}
+.hex-width-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+.hex-width-number { font-size: 30px; font-weight: 900; color: #46ff8a; }
+
+.hex-hint { margin-top: 8px; opacity: 0.65; font-size: 12px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+.hex-grid-2 { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 10px; }
+.hex-mt-sm { margin-top: 10px; }
+
+.hex-tools-top { display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+.hex-tiny-note { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 11px; opacity: 0.6; letter-spacing: 1px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+/* ================= Dialog ================= */
+.hex-dialog { border: none; padding: 0; background: transparent; }
+.hex-dialog::backdrop { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.55); }
+
+.hex-dialog-card {
+  width: min(560px, 92vw);
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: #1a1b24;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12);
+  padding: 16px;
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+}
+
+.hex-dialog-title { font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+.hex-dialog-input {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.25);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+
+.hex-dialog-hint { margin-top: 10px; opacity: 0.7; font-size: 13px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+.hex-dialog-error { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 13px; color: #ff6b6b; min-height: 18px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+.hex-dialog-actions { margin-top: 14px; display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: flex-end; }
+
+@media (max-width: 900px) {
+  .hex-toolbox { width: min(360px, 92vw); right: 16px; }
+  .hex-toolbox-btn { right: 16px; }
+  .hex-number { font-size: 60px; }
+  .hex-number--tiny { font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: 4px; }
+}

src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+type DialogMode = "hex" | "den" | "bin";
+
+const root = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>("[data-hex-sim]");
+if (!root) throw new Error("Hex simulator root not found");
+
+const outDen = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="denary"]')!;
+const outHex = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="hex"]')!;
+const outBin = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="bin"]')!;
+const outDigitsRow = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="digitsRow"]')!;
+
+const toolbox = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="toolbox"]')!;
+const toolboxBtn = root.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="toggleToolbox"]')!;
+const digitsCount = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="digitsCount"]')!;
+const bitsHint = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="bitsHint"]')!;
+const randomBtn = root.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-random]")!;
+
+const dialog = root.querySelector<HTMLDialogElement>('[data-out="dialog"]')!;
+const dialogTitle = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogTitle"]')!;
+const dialogInput = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('[data-out="dialogInput"]')!;
+const dialogHint = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogHint"]')!;
+const dialogError = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogError"]')!;
+
+let digits = 2;        // 1..8
+let value = 0;         // unsigned denary
+let randomTimer: number | null = null;
+let dialogMode: DialogMode | null = null;
+
+const clamp = (n: number, min: number, max: number) => Math.min(max, Math.max(min, n));
+const maxForDigits = (d: number) => (16 ** d) - 1;
+
+const padHex = (n: number, d: number) => n.toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(d, "0");
+const padBin = (n: number, b: number) => n.toString(2).padStart(b, "0");
+const groupBin = (b: string) => b.replace(/(.{4})/g, "$1 ").trim();
+
+function stopRandom(): void {
+  if (randomTimer !== null) window.clearInterval(randomTimer);
+  randomTimer = null;
+  randomBtn.classList.remove("is-running");
+}
+
+function startRandom(): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  const max = maxForDigits(digits);
+  const start = Date.now();
+
+  randomBtn.classList.add("is-running");
+
+  randomTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
+    value = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max + 1));
+    render();
+    if (Date.now() - start > 1600) stopRandom();
+  }, 90);
+}
+
+function render(): void {
+  const bits = digits * 4;
+
+  digitsCount.textContent = String(digits);
+  bitsHint.textContent = `= ${bits} bits`;
+
+  outDen.textContent = String(value);
+  outHex.textContent = padHex(value, digits);
+  outBin.textContent = groupBin(padBin(value, bits));
+
+  renderDigitsRow();
+}
+
+function renderDigitsRow(): void {
+  const hex = padHex(value, digits);
+  outDigitsRow.innerHTML = "";
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < digits; i++) {
+    const pow = digits - 1 - i;
+    const placeValue = 16 ** pow;
+
+    const digitChar = hex[i];
+    const digitVal = parseInt(digitChar, 16);
+    const nibbleBits = [(digitVal >> 3) & 1, (digitVal >> 2) & 1, (digitVal >> 1) & 1, digitVal & 1]; // 8 4 2 1
+
+    const col = document.createElement("div");
+    col.className = "hex-digit-col";
+    col.innerHTML = `
+      <div class="hex-digit-controls">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="digitUp" data-i="${i}" title="Increase">▲</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="digitDown" data-i="${i}" title="Decrease">▼</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-digit-char hex-font-number">${digitChar}</div>
+
+      <!-- bulbs: brightness changes based on nibble bits -->
+      <div class="hex-bulbs" aria-label="Nibble bits">
+        ${[8,4,2,1].map((w, idx) => {
+          const on = nibbleBits[idx] === 1;
+          return `
+            <div class="hex-bulb ${on ? "is-on" : ""}">
+              <div class="hex-bulb-cap"></div>
+              <div class="hex-bulb-glow"></div>
+              <div class="hex-bulb-label">${w}</div>
+            </div>
+          `;
+        }).join("")}
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-digit-place">${placeValue}</div>
+    `;
+    outDigitsRow.appendChild(col);
+  }
+}
+
+function openDialog(mode: DialogMode): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  dialogMode = mode;
+
+  dialogError.textContent = "";
+  dialogInput.value = "";
+
+  if (mode === "hex") {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Hexadecimal";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter 1–${digits} hex digit(s) (0–9, A–F).`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "A1";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "text";
+  } else if (mode === "den") {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Denary";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter a whole number from 0 to ${maxForDigits(digits)}.`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "42";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "numeric";
+  } else {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Binary";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter up to ${digits * 4} bit(s) using 0 and 1.`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "00101010";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "text";
+  }
+
+  dialog.showModal();
+  window.setTimeout(() => dialogInput.focus(), 0);
+}
+
+function closeDialog(): void {
+  dialogMode = null;
+  dialogError.textContent = "";
+  if (dialog.open) dialog.close();
+}
+
+function applyDialog(): void {
+  const raw = (dialogInput.value || "").trim();
+  if (!dialogMode) return closeDialog();
+  if (raw.length === 0) return closeDialog();
+
+  const max = maxForDigits(digits);
+  const bits = digits * 4;
+
+  if (dialogMode === "hex") {
+    const v = raw.toUpperCase();
+    if (!/^[0-9A-F]+$/.test(v)) { dialogError.textContent = "Hex must use 0–9 and A–F only."; return; }
+    if (v.length > digits) { dialogError.textContent = `Max length is ${digits} hex digit(s).`; return; }
+    value = clamp(parseInt(v, 16), 0, max);
+    render();
+    return closeDialog();
+  }
+
+  if (dialogMode === "den") {
+    if (!/^\d+$/.test(raw)) { dialogError.textContent = "Denary must be whole numbers only."; return; }
+    const n = Number(raw);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) { dialogError.textContent = "Invalid number."; return; }
+    value = clamp(n, 0, max);
+    render();
+    return closeDialog();
+  }
+
+  // bin
+  if (!/^[01]+$/.test(raw)) { dialogError.textContent = "Binary must use 0 and 1 only."; return; }
+  if (raw.length > bits) { dialogError.textContent = `Max length is ${bits} bit(s).`; return; }
+  value = clamp(parseInt(raw, 2), 0, max);
+  render();
+  return closeDialog();
+}
+
+function applyDigitDelta(i: number, delta: number): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  const hexArr = padHex(value, digits).split("");
+  let v = parseInt(hexArr[i], 16);
+  v = (v + delta) % 16;
+  if (v < 0) v += 16;
+  hexArr[i] = v.toString(16).toUpperCase();
+  value = clamp(parseInt(hexArr.join(""), 16), 0, maxForDigits(digits));
+  render();
+}
+
+// dialog cancel / backdrop
+dialog.addEventListener("cancel", (e) => { e.preventDefault(); closeDialog(); });
+dialog.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+  const card = dialog.querySelector(".hex-dialog-card");
+  if (card && !card.contains(e.target as Node)) closeDialog();
+});
+dialogInput.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
+  if (e.key === "Enter") applyDialog();
+  if (e.key === "Escape") closeDialog();
+});
+
+// main click handler
+root.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+  const btn = (e.target as HTMLElement).closest<HTMLElement>("[data-action]");
+  if (!btn) return;
+  const action = btn.getAttribute("data-action")!;
+
+  if (action === "toggleToolbox") {
+    toolbox.classList.toggle("is-open");
+    toolboxBtn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", toolbox.classList.contains("is-open") ? "true" : "false");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (action === "digitsMinus") { digits = clamp(digits - 1, 1, 8); value = clamp(value, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+  if (action === "digitsPlus")  { digits = clamp(digits + 1, 1, 8); value = clamp(value, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+
+  if (action === "increment") { stopRandom(); value = clamp(value + 1, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+  if (action === "decrement") { stopRandom(); value = clamp(value - 1, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+
+  if (action === "reset")     { stopRandom(); value = 0; return render(); }
+  if (action === "random")    { return startRandom(); }
+
+  if (action === "customHex")    return openDialog("hex");
+  if (action === "customDenary") return openDialog("den");
+  if (action === "customBinary") return openDialog("bin");
+
+  if (action === "dialogCancel") return closeDialog();
+  if (action === "dialogApply")  return applyDialog();
+
+  if (action === "digitUp")   return applyDigitDelta(Number(btn.getAttribute("data-i")), +1);
+  if (action === "digitDown") return applyDigitDelta(Number(btn.getAttribute("data-i")), -1);
+});
+
+render();

src/components/site-footer.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<footer class="site-footer">
+  <div class="site-footer__inner">
+    <div class="site-footer__text">
+      COMPUTER SCIENCE CONCEPT SIMULATORS<br />
+      © 2025 COMPUTING:BOX • CREATED WITH ♥ BY MR LYALL
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>

src/components/site-header.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+const nav = [
+  { href: "/about", label: "About" },
+  { href: "/binary", label: "Binary" },
+  { href: "/hexadecimal", label: "Hexadecimal" },
+  { href: "/hex-colours", label: "Hex Colours" },
+  { href: "/logic-gates", label: "Logic Gates" },
+];
+---
+<header class="site-header">
+  <div class="site-header__inner">
+    <a class="site-header__brand" href="/" aria-label="Computing:Box home">
+      <img class="site-header__logo" src="/img/logo.png" alt="" width="26" height="26" />
+      <span class="site-header__name">COMPUTING:BOX</span>
+    </a>
+
+    <nav class="site-header__nav" aria-label="Primary">
+      {nav.map((i) => (
+        <a class="site-header__link" href={i.href}>
+          {i.label.toUpperCase()}
+        </a>
+      ))}
+    </nav>
+  </div>
+</header>

src/layouts/BaseLayout.astro

@@ -1,17 +1,47 @@
 ---
-// src/layouts/BaseLayout.astro
+import '../styles/global.css';
+
 const { title = "Computing:Box" } = Astro.props;
 ---
+
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
- <head>
+  <head>
- <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
- <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
- <title>{title}</title>
+    <title>{title}</title>
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles.css" />
+    
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.css">
+    <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
- </head>
+    <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
- <body>
+    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;700;800;900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
- <slot />
+  </head>
- </body>
+  <body>
+    <header class="siteNav">
+      <div class="navInner">
+        <a class="brand" href="/">
+          <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo" />
+          <span class="brandName">Computing:Box</span>
+        </a>
+
+        <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation">
+          <a href="/about">About</a>
+          <a href="/binary">Binary</a>
+          <a href="/hexadecimal">Hexadecimal</a>
+          <a href="/hex-colours">Hex Colours</a>
+          <a href="/logic-gates">Logic Gates</a>
+        </nav>
+      </div>
+    </header>
+
+    <main class="pageWrap">
+      <slot />
+    </main>
+
+    <footer class="siteFooter">
+      <div class="footerInner">
+        <div>Computer Science Concept Simulators</div>
+        <div>© {new Date().getFullYear()} Computing:Box • Created with ♥ by Mr A Lyall</div>
+      </div>
+    </footer>
+  </body>
 </html>

src/layouts/Layout.astro

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-	<head>
-		<meta charset="UTF-8" />
-		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
-		<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
-		<meta name="generator" content={Astro.generator} />
-		<title>Astro Basics</title>
-	</head>
-	<body>
-		<slot />
-	</body>
-</html>
-
-<style>
-	html,
-	body {
-		margin: 0;
-		width: 100%;
-		height: 100%;
-	}
-</style>

src/pages/binary.astro

@@ -1,642 +1,101 @@
 ---
-/**
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
- * src/pages/binary.astro
- * Single-file binary simulator (Unsigned + Two's complement)
- * Bit width: 4..64
- *
- * Requires:
- *  public/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff
- *  public/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf
- */
 ---
 
-<html lang="en">
+<BaseLayout title="Binary Simulator | Computing:Box">
-  <head>
+  <div class="binaryPage" id="binaryPage">
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <button
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
+      id="toolboxToggle"
-    <title>Binary | Computing:Box</title>
+      class="toolboxToggle"
+      type="button"
+      aria-expanded="true"
+    >
+      <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span>
+      <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span>
+    </button>
 
-    <style>
+    <section class="topGrid">
-      :root{
+      <div class="leftCol">
-        --bg: #1f2027;
+        <div class="readout">
-        --panel: #22242d;
+          <div class="label">Denary</div>
-        --panel2:#262833;
+          <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div>
-        --text: #e8e8ee;
-        --muted: #a9acb8;
-        --accent: #33ff7a;
-        --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
-        --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
-      }
 
-      @font-face{
+          <div class="label">Binary</div>
-        font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular";
+          <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">00000000</div>
-        src:
-          url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff") format("woff"),
-          url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
-        font-weight: 400;
-        font-style: normal;
-        font-display: swap;
-      }
-
-      body{
-        margin:0;
-        font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
-        background: var(--bg);
-        color: var(--text);
-      }
-
-      .wrap{
-        max-width: 1200px;
-        margin: 0 auto;
-        padding: 32px 20px 60px;
-      }
-
-      /* Layout: readout left, settings panel right (like your screenshot) */
-      .layout{
-        display:grid;
-        grid-template-columns: 1fr 360px;
-        gap: 22px;
-        align-items:start;
-      }
-
-      .readout{
-        text-align:center;
-        padding: 10px 10px 0;
-      }
-
-      .label{
-        letter-spacing: .18em;
-        font-weight: 700;
-        color: var(--muted);
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-        font-size: 16px;
-        margin-top: 8px;
-      }
-
-      .num{
-        font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular", ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
-        font-weight: 400;
-        color: var(--accent);
-        text-shadow: 0 0 18px var(--accent-dim);
-      }
-
-      .value{
-        font-size: 70px;
-        line-height: 1.0;
-        margin: 6px 0 16px;
-      }
-
-      .binary{
-        font-size: 54px;
-        letter-spacing: .12em;
-        word-break: break-all;
-      }
-
-      /* Buttons under readout (as requested) */
-      .controls{
-        margin-top: 16px;
-        display:flex;
-        gap: 12px;
-        justify-content:center;
-        flex-wrap:wrap;
-      }
-
-      .btn{
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
-        color: #fff;
-        padding: 12px 14px;
-        border-radius: 12px;
-        font-weight: 700;
-        cursor: pointer;
-        min-width: 160px;
-      }
-      .btn:active{ transform: translateY(1px); }
-
-      /* Settings panel cards */
-      .panel{
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
-        border-radius: 14px;
-        padding: 16px 16px 14px;
-        margin-bottom: 14px;
-      }
-      .panelTitle{
-        font-size: 12px;
-        letter-spacing: .16em;
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-        color: var(--muted);
-        font-weight: 800;
-        margin-bottom: 10px;
-      }
-      .panelRow{
-        display:flex;
-        align-items:center;
-        justify-content:space-between;
-        gap: 12px;
-      }
-      .hint{
-        color: var(--muted);
-        font-size: 12px;
-        margin-top: 10px;
-        line-height: 1.35;
-      }
-
-      /* Reusable toggle switch (for MODE and for each BIT) */
-      .switch{
-        position: relative;
-        width: 56px;
-        height: 34px;
-        display:inline-block;
-        flex: 0 0 auto;
-      }
-      .switch input{
-        opacity:0;
-        width:0;
-        height:0;
-      }
-      .slider{
-        position:absolute;
-        inset:0;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
-        border-radius: 999px;
-        transition: .18s ease;
-      }
-      .slider::before{
-        content:"";
-        position:absolute;
-        height: 28px;
-        width: 28px;
-        left: 3px;
-        top: 2px;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
-        border-radius: 50%;
-        transition: .18s ease;
-      }
-      .switch input:checked + .slider{
-        background: rgba(51,255,122,.20);
-        border-color: rgba(51,255,122,.55);
-      }
-      .switch input:checked + .slider::before{
-        transform: translateX(22px);
-        background: var(--accent);
-      }
-
-      /* Bit width controls */
-      .bwControls{
-        display:grid;
-        grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr 44px;
-        gap: 10px;
-        align-items:center;
-        margin-top: 8px;
-      }
-      .bwBtn{
-        width: 44px;
-        height: 44px;
-        border-radius: 12px;
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
-        color: #fff;
-        font-weight: 900;
-        cursor: pointer;
-      }
-      .bwBtn:active{ transform: translateY(1px); }
-
-      .bwInput{
-        display:flex;
-        align-items:center;
-        justify-content:space-between;
-        gap: 12px;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.05);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
-        border-radius: 12px;
-        padding: 10px 12px;
-      }
-      .bwLabel{
-        color: var(--muted);
-        font-size: 12px;
-        letter-spacing: .14em;
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-        font-weight: 800;
-      }
-      .bwField{
-        width: 100px;
-        text-align:right;
-        background: transparent;
-        border: none;
-        outline: none;
-        color: var(--accent);
-        font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular", ui-monospace, monospace;
-        font-size: 26px;
-        padding: 0;
-      }
-      .bwField::-webkit-outer-spin-button,
-      .bwField::-webkit-inner-spin-button { -webkit-appearance: none; margin: 0; }
-      .bwField[type=number] { -moz-appearance: textfield; }
-
-      /* Bits grid */
-      .bits{
-        margin-top: 34px;
-        padding-top: 26px;
-        border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
-        display:grid;
-        gap: 18px;
-        align-items:end;
-        text-align:center;
-      }
-
-      .bit{
-        display:flex;
-        flex-direction:column;
-        align-items:center;
-        gap: 10px;
-        padding: 8px 4px;
-      }
-
-      .bitVal{
-        font-size: 34px;
-        color: var(--text);
-        opacity: .95;
-      }
-
-      /* Bulb (must come back!) */
-      .bulb{
-        width: 22px;
-        height: 22px;
-        border-radius: 50%;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.08);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
-        box-shadow: none;
-        margin-bottom: 6px;
-      }
-      .bulb.on{
-        background: #ffd86b;
-        border-color: rgba(255,216,107,.7);
-        box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(255,216,107,.6);
-      }
-
-      /* Responsive */
-      @media (max-width: 1000px){
-        .layout{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
-        .value{ font-size: 60px; }
-        .binary{ font-size: 44px; }
-      }
-      @media (max-width: 900px){
-        .value{ font-size: 54px; }
-        .binary{ font-size: 36px; }
-        .btn{ min-width: 140px; }
-      }
-    </style>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <main class="wrap">
-      <section class="layout">
-        <!-- LEFT: readout + buttons -->
-        <div>
-          <div class="readout">
-            <div class="label">Denary</div>
-            <div id="denaryNumber" class="value num">0</div>
-
-            <div class="label">Binary</div>
-            <div id="binaryNumber" class="value binary num">00000000</div>
-
-            <div class="controls">
-              <button class="btn" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button>
-              <button class="btn" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button>
-              <button class="btn" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button>
-              <button class="btn" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <!-- Bits grid (built by JS so bit-width 4..64 works) -->
-          <section id="bitsGrid" class="bits" aria-label="Bit switches"></section>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- RIGHT: settings panel -->
+        <div class="divider"></div>
-        <aside>
-          <div class="panel">
-            <div class="panelTitle">Mode</div>
-            <div class="panelRow">
-              <span style="font-weight:800;">Unsigned</span>
 
-              <!-- MODE TOGGLE uses SAME switch style -->
+        <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Bit switches">
-              <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle Two's complement mode">
+          <div class="bitsGrid" id="bitsGrid"></div>
-                <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox" />
+        </section>
-                <span class="slider"></span>
+      </div>
-              </label>
 
-              <span style="font-weight:800;">Two’s complement</span>
+      <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox">
-            </div>
+        <div class="card">
-            <div class="hint">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div>
-              Tip: In two’s complement, the left-most bit (MSB) represents a negative value.
+
-            </div>
+          <div class="toggleRow">
+            <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblUnsigned">Unsigned</div>
+            <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle mode">
+              <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox" />
+              <span class="slider"></span>
+            </label>
+            <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblTwos">Two's complement</div>
           </div>
 
-          <div class="panel">
+          <div class="hint" id="modeHint">
-            <div class="panelTitle">Bit width</div>
+            Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.
+          </div>
 
-            <div class="bwControls">
+          <div class="subCard">
-              <button class="bwBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button>
+            <div class="subTitle">Bit width</div>
-
+            <div class="bitWidthRow">
-              <div class="bwInput">
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button>
-                <div class="bwLabel">Bits</div>
+              <div class="bitInputWrap">
+                <div class="bitInputLabel">Bits</div>
                 <input
-                  id="bitsField"
+                  id="bitsInput"
-                  class="bwField"
+                  class="bitInput"
                   type="number"
-                  min="4"
+                  inputmode="numeric"
+                  min="1"
                   max="64"
                   step="1"
                   value="8"
-                  inputmode="numeric"
+                  aria-label="Number of bits"
                 />
               </div>
-
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button>
-              <button class="bwBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button>
-            </div>
-
-            <div class="hint">
-              Minimum 4 bits, maximum 64 bits.
             </div>
           </div>
-        </aside>
+        </div>
-      </section>
-    </main>
 
-    <script type="module">
+        <div class="card">
-      // ---------- State ----------
+          <div class="cardTitle">Custom Number</div>
-      let bitsCount = 8;           // 4..64
+          <div class="controlsRow">
-      let isTwos = false;          // false = unsigned
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button>
-      let bitStates = [];          // MSB -> LSB booleans
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button>
+          </div>
+          <button class="btn btnWide" id="btnRandom" type="button">Random</button>
+          <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div>
+        </div>
 
-      // ---------- Helpers ----------
+        <div class="card">
-      function clamp(n, min, max){ return Math.min(max, Math.max(min, n)); }
+          <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div>
+          <div class="toolRowCentered">
+            <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolDec" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button>
+            <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolInc" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button>
+          </div>
+          <div class="toolRow2">
+            <button class="btn btnHalf" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button>
+            <button class="btn btnHalf" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button>
+          </div>
+          <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button>
+        </div>
+      </aside>
+    </section>
+  </div>
 
-      function pow2(n){
+  <script src="../scripts/binary.js"></script>
-        // for up to 64 bits, Number is still OK for *visual simulator*.
+</BaseLayout>
-        // if you later want exact 64-bit maths, swap to BigInt end-to-end.
-        return 2 ** n;
-      }
-
-      function getPlaceValues(){
-        // MSB -> LSB
-        // Unsigned: [2^(n-1), ..., 1]
-        // Two's:    [-2^(n-1), 2^(n-2), ..., 1]
-        const vals = [];
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const power = bitsCount - 1 - i;
-          if (isTwos && i === 0){
-            vals.push(-pow2(power));
-          } else {
-            vals.push(pow2(power));
-          }
-        }
-        return vals;
-      }
-
-      function binaryString(){
-        return bitStates.map(b => (b ? "1" : "0")).join("");
-      }
-
-      function denaryValue(){
-        const values = getPlaceValues();
-        let sum = 0;
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          if (bitStates[i]) sum += values[i];
-        }
-        return sum;
-      }
-
-      function rangeForMode(){
-        if (!isTwos){
-          return { min: 0, max: pow2(bitsCount) - 1 };
-        }
-        return { min: -pow2(bitsCount - 1), max: pow2(bitsCount - 1) - 1 };
-      }
-
-      function updateReadout(){
-        document.getElementById("binaryNumber").innerText = binaryString();
-        document.getElementById("denaryNumber").innerText = String(denaryValue());
-
-        // bulb on/off updates:
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const bulb = document.getElementById(`bulb-${i}`);
-          if (bulb) bulb.classList.toggle("on", !!bitStates[i]);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // ---------- DOM build for bits grid ----------
-      function setBitsGridColumns(){
-        const grid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
-        // make it adapt (up to 16 per row max, then wraps)
-        const cols = clamp(bitsCount, 4, 16);
-        grid.style.gridTemplateColumns = `repeat(${cols}, 1fr)`;
-      }
-
-      function buildBitsGrid(){
-        const grid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
-        grid.innerHTML = "";
-
-        setBitsGridColumns();
-
-        const values = getPlaceValues();
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const v = values[i];
-
-          const bit = document.createElement("div");
-          bit.className = "bit";
-
-          const bulb = document.createElement("div");
-          bulb.className = "bulb";
-          bulb.id = `bulb-${i}`;
-          bulb.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
-
-          const val = document.createElement("div");
-          val.className = "bitVal num";
-          // show absolute label for MSB in twos? No — show the actual negative value (clear to students).
-          val.textContent = String(v);
-
-          // IMPORTANT: bit switch must be the SAME style as MODE switch
-          const label = document.createElement("label");
-          label.className = "switch";
-          label.setAttribute("aria-label", `Toggle bit ${v}`);
-
-          const input = document.createElement("input");
-          input.type = "checkbox";
-          input.dataset.index = String(i);
-          input.checked = !!bitStates[i];
-
-          const slider = document.createElement("span");
-          slider.className = "slider";
-
-          input.addEventListener("change", () => {
-            bitStates[i] = input.checked;
-            updateReadout();
-          });
-
-          label.appendChild(input);
-          label.appendChild(slider);
-
-          bit.appendChild(bulb);
-          bit.appendChild(val);
-          bit.appendChild(label);
-          grid.appendChild(bit);
-        }
-
-        updateReadout();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Set state from binary / denary ----------
-      function setFromBinary(bin){
-        const clean = String(bin).replace(/\s+/g, "");
-        if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean)) return false;
-
-        const padded = clean.slice(-bitsCount).padStart(bitsCount, "0");
-        bitStates = [...padded].map(ch => ch === "1");
-
-        // update toggles without rebuilding
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const toggle = document.querySelector(`input[type="checkbox"][data-index="${i}"]`);
-          if (toggle) toggle.checked = bitStates[i];
-        }
-        updateReadout();
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      function setFromDenary(n){
-        const num = Number(n);
-        if (!Number.isInteger(num)) return false;
-
-        const { min, max } = rangeForMode();
-        if (num < min || num > max) return false;
-
-        // convert to bit pattern
-        let unsignedVal;
-        if (!isTwos){
-          unsignedVal = num;
-        } else {
-          // two's complement representation
-          unsignedVal = num < 0 ? (pow2(bitsCount) + num) : num;
-        }
-
-        // build MSB->LSB bits from unsignedVal
-        const newBits = [];
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const power = bitsCount - 1 - i;
-          const bit = Math.floor(unsignedVal / pow2(power)) % 2;
-          newBits.push(bit === 1);
-        }
-        bitStates = newBits;
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const toggle = document.querySelector(`input[type="checkbox"][data-index="${i}"]`);
-          if (toggle) toggle.checked = bitStates[i];
-        }
-        updateReadout();
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Shifts ----------
-      function shiftLeft(){
-        // logical left shift: drop MSB, add 0 at LSB
-        bitStates = bitStates.slice(1).concat(false);
-        buildBitsGrid(); // rebuild keeps labels correct if mode changed (also updates bulbs)
-      }
-
-      function shiftRight(){
-        if (!isTwos){
-          // logical right shift
-          bitStates = [false].concat(bitStates.slice(0, -1));
-        } else {
-          // arithmetic right shift (preserve MSB)
-          const msb = bitStates[0];
-          bitStates = [msb].concat(bitStates.slice(0, -1));
-        }
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Bit width ----------
-      function applyBitsCount(next){
-        const wanted = clamp(Number(next) || 8, 4, 64);
-        if (wanted === bitsCount) return;
-
-        // keep the right-most (LSB) bits when resizing (feels natural)
-        const old = binaryString();
-        bitsCount = wanted;
-
-        // rebuild state from old binary, keeping LSBs
-        const padded = old.slice(-bitsCount).padStart(bitsCount, "0");
-        bitStates = [...padded].map(ch => ch === "1");
-
-        document.getElementById("bitsField").value = String(bitsCount);
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Mode toggle ----------
-      function applyMode(nextIsTwos){
-        const prevDenary = denaryValue(); // keep the *value* if possible
-        isTwos = !!nextIsTwos;
-
-        // Try to keep the denary value, but clamp if it becomes invalid in the new mode
-        const { min, max } = rangeForMode();
-        const kept = clamp(prevDenary, min, max);
-        setFromDenary(kept);
-
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Wire up UI ----------
-      function wireUI(){
-        document.getElementById("btnShiftLeft").addEventListener("click", shiftLeft);
-        document.getElementById("btnShiftRight").addEventListener("click", shiftRight);
-
-        document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary").addEventListener("click", () => {
-          const val = prompt(`Enter a binary number (up to ${bitsCount} bits):`);
-          if (val === null) return;
-          if (!setFromBinary(val)) alert("Invalid input. Use only 0 and 1.");
-        });
-
-        document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary").addEventListener("click", () => {
-          const { min, max } = rangeForMode();
-          const val = prompt(`Enter a denary number (${min} to ${max}):`);
-          if (val === null) return;
-          if (!setFromDenary(val)) alert(`Invalid input. Enter an integer from ${min} to ${max}.`);
-        });
-
-        // Mode toggle
-        const modeToggle = document.getElementById("modeToggle");
-        modeToggle.addEventListener("change", () => applyMode(modeToggle.checked));
-
-        // Bit width +/- and manual entry
-        document.getElementById("btnBitsDown").addEventListener("click", () => applyBitsCount(bitsCount - 1));
-        document.getElementById("btnBitsUp").addEventListener("click", () => applyBitsCount(bitsCount + 1));
-
-        const bitsField = document.getElementById("bitsField");
-        bitsField.addEventListener("change", () => applyBitsCount(bitsField.value));
-        bitsField.addEventListener("blur", () => applyBitsCount(bitsField.value));
-        bitsField.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
-          if (e.key === "Enter") applyBitsCount(bitsField.value);
-        });
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Init ----------
-      function init(){
-        // default: 8-bit unsigned
-        bitsCount = 8;
-        isTwos = false;
-        bitStates = Array(bitsCount).fill(false);
-
-        document.getElementById("modeToggle").checked = false;
-        document.getElementById("bitsField").value = String(bitsCount);
-
-        wireUI();
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      init();
-    </script>
-  </body>
-</html>

src/pages/hex-colours.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+---
+
+<BaseLayout title="Hex Colours Simulator | Computing:Box">
+  <div class="binaryPage" id="colorPage">
+    <button
+      id="toolboxToggle"
+      class="toolboxToggle"
+      type="button"
+      aria-expanded="true"
+    >
+      <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span>
+      <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span>
+    </button>
+
+    <section class="topGrid">
+      <div class="leftCol">
+        
+        <div class="readoutContainer">
+          <div class="readout">
+            <div class="readoutBlock">
+              <div class="label">Denary (R, G, B)</div>
+              <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">
+                <span class="text-red">0</span>
+                <span class="text-green">0</span>
+                <span class="text-blue">0</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="readoutBlock">
+              <div class="label">Hexadecimal</div>
+              <div id="hexNumber" class="num hexValue">
+                <span class="text-red"><span style="color:var(--muted)">#</span>00</span>
+                <span class="text-green">00</span>
+                <span class="text-blue">00</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="readoutBlock">
+              <div class="label">Binary</div>
+              <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">
+                <span class="text-red">00000000</span>
+                <span class="text-green">00000000</span>
+                <span class="text-blue">00000000</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="colorPreviewSide">
+            <div class="colorBoxWrap">
+              <div id="previewColor" class="colorBox"></div>
+              <div class="colorBoxLabel">Colour</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="colorBoxWrap">
+              <div id="previewInverted" class="colorBox"></div>
+              <div class="colorBoxLabel">Inverted</div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="divider"></div>
+
+        <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Hex Colour Cards">
+          <div class="colorGroupWrap" id="colorGrid"></div>
+        </section>
+      </div>
+
+      <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox">
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Info</div>
+          <div class="hint" style="margin-top: 0;">
+            Hexadecimal colours are made of 3 channels (Red, Green, Blue). Each channel is an 8-bit value ranging from 00 to FF (0 to 255).
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Colour Tools</div>
+          <div class="controlsRow">
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomHex" type="button">Custom Hex</button>
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomRGB" type="button">Custom RGB</button>
+          </div>
+          <div class="controlsRow">
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnWide" id="btnInvert" type="button">Invert Colour</button>
+          </div>
+          <button class="btn btnWide" id="btnRandom" type="button">Random Colour</button>
+          <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div>
+          <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button>
+        </div>
+      </aside>
+    </section>
+  </div>
+
+  <script src="../scripts/hexColours.js"></script>
+</BaseLayout>

src/pages/hexadecimal.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+---
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+---
+
+<BaseLayout title="Hexadecimal Simulator | Computing:Box">
+  <div class="binaryPage" id="hexPage">
+    <button
+      id="toolboxToggle"
+      class="toolboxToggle"
+      type="button"
+      aria-expanded="true"
+    >
+      <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span>
+      <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span>
+    </button>
+
+    <section class="topGrid">
+      <div class="leftCol">
+        <div class="readout">
+          <div class="label">Denary</div>
+          <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div>
+
+          <div class="label">Hexadecimal</div>
+          <div id="hexNumber" class="num hexValue">00</div>
+
+          <div class="label">Binary</div>
+          <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">00000000</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="divider"></div>
+
+        <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Hexadecimal sliders">
+          <div class="hexGrid" id="hexGrid"></div>
+        </section>
+      </div>
+
+      <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox">
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div>
+          
+          <div class="hint" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 14px;">
+            Hexadecimal represents numbers using base 16 (0-9, A-F).
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="subCard">
+            <div class="subTitle">Digit width</div>
+            <div class="bitWidthRow">
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnDigitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease digits">−</button>
+              <div class="bitInputWrap">
+                <div class="bitInputLabel">Digits</div>
+                <input
+                  id="digitsInput"
+                  class="bitInput"
+                  type="number"
+                  inputmode="numeric"
+                  min="1"
+                  max="16"
+                  step="1"
+                  value="2"
+                  aria-label="Number of hex digits"
+                />
+              </div>
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnDigitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase digits">+</button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Custom Number</div>
+          <div class="controlsRow">
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomHex" type="button">Custom Hex</button>
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button>
+          </div>
+          <div class="controlsRow">
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnWide" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button>
+          </div>
+          <button class="btn btnWide" id="btnRandom" type="button">Random</button>
+          <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div>
+          <div class="toolRowCentered">
+            <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolDec" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button>
+            <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolInc" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button>
+          </div>
+          <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button>
+        </div>
+      </aside>
+    </section>
+  </div>
+
+  <script src="../scripts/hexadecimal.js"></script>
+</BaseLayout>

src/pages/logic-gates.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+import "../styles/logic-gates.css";
+---
+
+<BaseLayout title="Logic Gate Builder | Computing:Box">
+  <div class="binaryPage" id="logicPage">
+    
+    <button id="toolboxToggle" class="toolboxToggle" type="button" aria-expanded="true">
+      <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span>
+      <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span>
+    </button>
+
+    <section class="topGrid" style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; height: 100%;">
+      
+      <div class="readout">
+        <div class="readoutBlock">
+          <div class="label" style="margin-bottom: 8px;">Interactive Simulator</div>
+          <div class="num denaryValue" style="font-size: 56px; line-height: 1;">LOGIC GATES</div>
+        </div>
+        <div style="color: var(--muted); font-size: 15px; font-family: var(--ui-font); text-align: center; max-width: 800px; margin-top: 12px;">
+          Drag items from the toolbox to the board. Drag from output ports to input ports to wire. Click a wire or node and press <kbd style="background:rgba(255,255,255,0.1); padding:2px 6px; border-radius:4px; font-family:var(--ui-font);">Delete</kbd> to remove it.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="divider"></div>
+
+      <div class="lg-workspace" id="workspace">
+        <svg class="lg-svg-layer" id="wireLayer"></svg>
+        </div>
+      
+    </section>
+
+    <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox">
+      
+      <div class="card">
+        <div class="cardTitle">Components</div>
+        
+        <div class="tb-icon-grid" id="toolboxGrid">
+          </div>
+
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="card">
+        <div class="cardTitle">Live Truth Table</div>
+        <details open>
+          <summary class="tt-summary">Show / Hide Table</summary>
+          <div style="font-family: var(--ui-font); font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 12px;">Auto-generates based on current wiring. (Max 6 inputs)</div>
+          <div class="tt-table-wrap" id="truthTableContainer">
+            </div>
+        </details>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="card">
+        <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div>
+        <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClearBoard" type="button" style="margin-bottom:0;">Clear Board</button>
+      </div>
+
+    </aside>
+  </div>
+
+  <script src="../scripts/logicGates.js"></script>
+</BaseLayout>

src/scripts/binary.js

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+(() => {
+  /* -----------------------------
+     DOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  const bitsGrid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
+  const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
+  const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
+  const bitsInput = document.getElementById("bitsInput");
+
+  const modeToggle = document.getElementById("modeToggle");
+  const modeHint = document.getElementById("modeHint");
+  
+  // Connect the text labels to the JS
+  const lblUnsigned = document.getElementById("lblUnsigned");
+  const lblTwos = document.getElementById("lblTwos");
+
+  const btnCustomBinary = document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary");
+  const btnCustomDenary = document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary");
+  const btnShiftLeft = document.getElementById("btnShiftLeft");
+  const btnShiftRight = document.getElementById("btnShiftRight");
+
+  const btnDec = document.getElementById("btnDec");
+  const btnInc = document.getElementById("btnInc");
+  const btnClear = document.getElementById("btnClear");
+  const btnRandom = document.getElementById("btnRandom");
+
+  const btnBitsUp = document.getElementById("btnBitsUp");
+  const btnBitsDown = document.getElementById("btnBitsDown");
+
+  const toolboxToggle = document.getElementById("toolboxToggle");
+  const binaryPage = document.getElementById("binaryPage");
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     STATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  let bitCount = clampInt(Number(bitsInput?.value ?? 8), 1, 64);
+  let bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(false);
+  let randomTimer = null;
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     HELPERS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clampInt(n, min, max) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) return min;
+    return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, Math.trunc(n)));
+  }
+
+  function isTwosMode() {
+    return !!modeToggle?.checked;
+  }
+
+  function pow2Big(n) {
+    return 1n << BigInt(n);
+  }
+
+  function unsignedMaxExclusive(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits); 
+  }
+
+  function unsignedMaxValue(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits) - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function twosMin(nBits) {
+    return -pow2Big(nBits - 1);
+  }
+
+  function twosMax(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits - 1) - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function bitsToUnsignedBigInt() {
+    let v = 0n;
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      if (bits[i]) v += pow2Big(i);
+    }
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  function unsignedBigIntToBits(vUnsigned) {
+    const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+    const v = ((vUnsigned % span) + span) % span;
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      bits[i] = ((v >> BigInt(i)) & 1n) === 1n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() {
+    const u = bitsToUnsignedBigInt();
+    const signBit = bits[bitCount - 1] === true;
+    if (!signBit) return u;
+    return u - pow2Big(bitCount);
+  }
+
+  function signedBigIntToBitsTwos(vSigned) {
+    const span = pow2Big(bitCount);
+    let v = vSigned;
+    v = ((v % span) + span) % span;
+    unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+  }
+
+  function formatBinaryGrouped() {
+    let s = "";
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      s += bits[i] ? "1" : "0";
+      const posFromLeft = (bitCount - i);
+      if (i !== 0 && posFromLeft % 4 === 0) s += " ";
+    }
+    return s.trimEnd();
+  }
+
+  function updateModeHint() {
+    if (!modeHint) return;
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      modeHint.textContent = "Tip: In two's complement, the left-most bit (MSB) represents a negative value.";
+    } else {
+      modeHint.textContent = "Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.";
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     RESPONSIVE GRID COLS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function computeColsForBitsGrid() {
+    if (!bitsGrid) return;
+    const wrap = bitsGrid.parentElement;
+    if (!wrap) return;
+
+    const width = wrap.getBoundingClientRect().width;
+    const minCell = 100; 
+    const cols = clampInt(Math.floor(width / minCell), 1, 12);
+    bitsGrid.style.setProperty("--cols", String(Math.min(cols, bitCount)));
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BUILD UI (BITS)
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function buildBits(count) {
+    bitCount = clampInt(count, 1, 64);
+    if (bitsInput) bitsInput.value = String(bitCount);
+
+    const oldBits = bits.slice();
+    bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(false);
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(oldBits.length, bitCount); i++) bits[i] = oldBits[i];
+
+    bitsGrid.innerHTML = "";
+    bitsGrid.classList.toggle("bitsFew", bitCount < 8);
+
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const bitEl = document.createElement("div");
+      bitEl.className = "bit";
+
+      bitEl.innerHTML = `
+        <div class="bulb" id="bulb-${i}" aria-hidden="true">
+          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+            <path d="M12 2.25a6.75 6.75 0 0 0-6.75 6.75c0 2.537 1.393 4.75 3.493 5.922l.507.282v1.546h5.5v-1.546l.507-.282A6.75 6.75 0 0 0 12 2.25Zm-2.25 16.5v.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 4.5 0v-.75h-4.5Z"/>
+          </svg>
+        </div>
+        <div class="bitVal" id="bitLabel-${i}"></div>
+        <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle bit ${i}">
+          <input type="checkbox" data-index="${i}">
+          <span class="slider"></span>
+        </label>
+      `;
+
+      bitsGrid.appendChild(bitEl);
+    }
+
+    bitsGrid.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach((input) => {
+      input.addEventListener("change", () => {
+        const i = Number(input.dataset.index);
+        bits[i] = input.checked;
+        updateUI();
+      });
+    });
+
+    computeColsForBitsGrid();
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     UI UPDATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function updateBitLabels() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const label = document.getElementById(`bitLabel-${i}`);
+      if (!label) continue;
+
+      let valStr;
+      if (isTwosMode() && i === bitCount - 1) {
+        valStr = `-${pow2Big(bitCount - 1).toString()}`;
+      } else {
+        valStr = pow2Big(i).toString();
+      }
+      label.textContent = valStr;
+      label.style.setProperty('--len', valStr.length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function syncSwitchesToBits() {
+    bitsGrid.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach((input) => {
+      const i = Number(input.dataset.index);
+      input.checked = !!bits[i];
+    });
+  }
+
+  function updateBulbs() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const bulb = document.getElementById(`bulb-${i}`);
+      if (!bulb) continue;
+      bulb.classList.toggle("on", bits[i] === true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function updateReadout() {
+    if (!denaryEl || !binaryEl) return;
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      denaryEl.textContent = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos().toString();
+    } else {
+      denaryEl.textContent = bitsToUnsignedBigInt().toString();
+    }
+    binaryEl.textContent = formatBinaryGrouped();
+  }
+
+  function updateUI() {
+    updateModeHint();
+    
+    // Toggle the glowing CSS class on the active mode text
+    if (lblUnsigned && lblTwos) {
+      lblUnsigned.classList.toggle("activeMode", !isTwosMode());
+      lblTwos.classList.toggle("activeMode", isTwosMode());
+    }
+
+    updateBitLabels();
+    syncSwitchesToBits();
+    updateBulbs();
+    updateReadout();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     SET FROM BINARY STRING
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setFromBinaryString(binStr) {
+    const clean = String(binStr ?? "").replace(/\s+/g, "");
+    if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean)) return false;
+
+    const padded = clean.slice(-bitCount).padStart(bitCount, "0");
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const charFromRight = padded[padded.length - 1 - i];
+      bits[i] = charFromRight === "1";
+    }
+
+    updateUI();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     SET FROM DENARY INPUT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setFromDenaryInput(vStr) {
+    const raw = String(vStr ?? "").trim();
+    if (!raw) return false;
+
+    let v;
+    try {
+      if (!/^-?\d+$/.test(raw)) return false;
+      v = BigInt(raw);
+    } catch { return false; }
+
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      if (v < min || v > max) return false;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      if (v < 0n || v > unsignedMaxValue(bitCount)) return false;
+      unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+    }
+
+    updateUI();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     SHIFTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function shiftLeft() {
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 1; i--) { bits[i] = bits[i - 1]; }
+    bits[0] = false;
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function shiftRight() {
+    const msb = bits[bitCount - 1];
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount - 1; i++) { bits[i] = bits[i + 1]; }
+    bits[bitCount - 1] = isTwosMode() ? msb : false;
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     CLEAR / INC / DEC
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clearAll() {
+    bits = []; 
+    if (modeToggle) modeToggle.checked = false; 
+    buildBits(8); 
+  }
+
+  function increment() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      let v = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() + 1n;
+      if (v > max) v = min;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+      unsignedBigIntToBits((bitsToUnsignedBigInt() + 1n) % span);
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function decrement() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      let v = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() - 1n;
+      if (v < min) v = max;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+      unsignedBigIntToBits((bitsToUnsignedBigInt() - 1n + span) % span);
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     RANDOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function cryptoRandomBigInt(maxExclusive) {
+    if (maxExclusive <= 0n) return 0n;
+    const bitLen = maxExclusive.toString(2).length;
+    const byteLen = Math.ceil(bitLen / 8);
+
+    while (true) {
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(byteLen);
+      crypto.getRandomValues(bytes);
+      let x = 0n;
+      for (const b of bytes) x = (x << 8n) | BigInt(b);
+
+      const extraBits = BigInt(byteLen * 8 - bitLen);
+      if (extraBits > 0n) x = x >> extraBits;
+
+      if (x < maxExclusive) return x;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function setRandomOnce() {
+    const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+    const u = cryptoRandomBigInt(span);
+    unsignedBigIntToBits(u);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function setRandomRunning(isRunning) {
+    if (!btnRandom) return;
+    btnRandom.classList.toggle("btnRandomRunning", !!isRunning);
+  }
+
+  function runRandomBriefly() {
+    if (randomTimer) {
+      clearInterval(randomTimer);
+      randomTimer = null;
+    }
+
+    setRandomRunning(true);
+    const start = Date.now();
+    const durationMs = 1125; 
+    const tickMs = 80;
+
+    randomTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      setRandomOnce();
+      if (Date.now() - start >= durationMs) {
+        clearInterval(randomTimer);
+        randomTimer = null;
+        setRandomRunning(false);
+      }
+    }, tickMs);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BIT WIDTH CONTROLS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setBitWidth(n) {
+    const v = clampInt(n, 1, 64);
+    buildBits(v);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     TOOLBOX TOGGLE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setToolboxCollapsed(collapsed) {
+    if (!binaryPage) return;
+    binaryPage.classList.toggle("toolboxCollapsed", !!collapsed);
+    const expanded = !collapsed;
+    toolboxToggle?.setAttribute("aria-expanded", expanded ? "true" : "false");
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     EVENTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  modeToggle?.addEventListener("change", updateUI);
+
+  btnCustomBinary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(`Enter binary (spaces allowed). Current width: ${bitCount} bits`);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    if (!setFromBinaryString(v)) alert("Invalid binary");
+  });
+
+  btnCustomDenary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(
+      isTwosMode()
+        ? `Enter denary (${twosMin(bitCount).toString()} to ${twosMax(bitCount).toString()}):`
+        : `Enter denary (0 to ${unsignedMaxValue(bitCount).toString()}):`
+    );
+    if (v === null) return;
+    if (!setFromDenaryInput(v)) alert("Invalid denary for current mode/bit width");
+  });
+
+  btnShiftLeft?.addEventListener("click", shiftLeft);
+  btnShiftRight?.addEventListener("click", shiftRight);
+
+  btnInc?.addEventListener("click", increment);
+  btnDec?.addEventListener("click", decrement);
+
+  btnClear?.addEventListener("click", clearAll);
+  btnRandom?.addEventListener("click", runRandomBriefly);
+
+  btnBitsUp?.addEventListener("click", () => setBitWidth(bitCount + 1));
+  btnBitsDown?.addEventListener("click", () => setBitWidth(bitCount - 1));
+
+  bitsInput?.addEventListener("change", () => setBitWidth(Number(bitsInput.value)));
+
+  toolboxToggle?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const isCollapsed = binaryPage?.classList.contains("toolboxCollapsed");
+    setToolboxCollapsed(!isCollapsed);
+  });
+
+  window.addEventListener("resize", () => {
+    computeColsForBitsGrid();
+  });
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     INIT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  updateModeHint();
+  buildBits(bitCount);
+  setToolboxCollapsed(false);
+})();

src/scripts/hexColours.js

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// src/scripts/hexColours.js
+// Computing:Box — Hex Colours logic
+
+(() => {
+  /* -----------------------------
+     DOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  const colorGrid = document.getElementById("colorGrid");
+  const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
+  const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
+  const hexEl = document.getElementById("hexNumber");
+  const previewColor = document.getElementById("previewColor");
+  const previewInverted = document.getElementById("previewInverted");
+
+  const btnCustomHex = document.getElementById("btnCustomHex");
+  const btnCustomRGB = document.getElementById("btnCustomRGB");
+  const btnInvert = document.getElementById("btnInvert");
+  const btnRandom = document.getElementById("btnRandom");
+  const btnClear = document.getElementById("btnClear");
+
+  const toolboxToggle = document.getElementById("toolboxToggle");
+  const colorPage = document.getElementById("colorPage");
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     STATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  // rgb[0]=Red, rgb[1]=Green, rgb[2]=Blue (Values 0-255)
+  let rgb = [0, 0, 0];
+  let randomTimer = null;
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BUILD UI
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function buildGrid() {
+    if (!colorGrid) return;
+    colorGrid.innerHTML = "";
+
+    const colorClasses = ['text-red', 'text-green', 'text-blue'];
+
+    for (let c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+      const group = document.createElement("div");
+      group.className = "colorGroup";
+
+      for (let i = 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        const col = document.createElement("div");
+        col.className = "hexCol";
+
+        let cardHTML = `
+          <div class="hexCard">
+            <div class="hexCardButtons">
+              <button class="hexCardBtn inc" id="colorInc-${c}-${i}">▲</button>
+              <button class="hexCardBtn dec" id="colorDec-${c}-${i}">▼</button>
+            </div>
+            <div class="hexDigitDisplay num ${colorClasses[c]}" id="colorDisplay-${c}-${i}">0</div>
+            <div class="hexNibbleRow">
+        `;
+
+        for (let j = 3; j >= 0; j--) {
+          cardHTML += `
+              <div class="hexNibbleBit">
+                <div class="bulb hexNibbleBulb" id="colorBulb-${c}-${i}-${j}" aria-hidden="true">
+                  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+                    <path d="M12 2.25a6.75 6.75 0 0 0-6.75 6.75c0 2.537 1.393 4.75 3.493 5.922l.507.282v1.546h5.5v-1.546l.507-.282A6.75 6.75 0 0 0 12 2.25Zm-2.25 16.5v.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 4.5 0v-.75h-4.5Z"/>
+                  </svg>
+                </div>
+                <div class="hexNibbleLabel">${1 << j}</div>
+              </div>
+          `;
+        }
+
+        cardHTML += `
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="hexColWeight ${colorClasses[c]}">${16 ** i}</div>
+        `;
+
+        col.innerHTML = cardHTML;
+
+        const incBtn = col.querySelector(`#colorInc-${c}-${i}`);
+        const decBtn = col.querySelector(`#colorDec-${c}-${i}`);
+
+        incBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
+          const weight = 16 ** i;
+          rgb[c] = (rgb[c] + weight) % 256;
+          updateUI();
+        });
+
+        decBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
+          const weight = 16 ** i;
+          rgb[c] = (rgb[c] - weight + 256) % 256;
+          updateUI();
+        });
+
+        group.appendChild(col);
+      }
+      colorGrid.appendChild(group);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     UI UPDATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function updateUI() {
+    if (denaryEl) {
+      denaryEl.innerHTML = `
+        <span class="text-red">${rgb[0]}</span>
+        <span class="text-green">${rgb[1]}</span>
+        <span class="text-blue">${rgb[2]}</span>
+      `;
+    }
+
+    const hexVals = rgb.map(v => v.toString(16).padStart(2, '0').toUpperCase());
+    const fullHexString = `#${hexVals.join('')}`;
+    
+    if (hexEl) {
+      hexEl.innerHTML = `
+        <span class="text-red"><span style="color:var(--muted)">#</span>${hexVals[0]}</span>
+        <span class="text-green">${hexVals[1]}</span>
+        <span class="text-blue">${hexVals[2]}</span>
+      `;
+    }
+
+    if (binaryEl) {
+      binaryEl.innerHTML = `
+        <span class="text-red">${rgb[0].toString(2).padStart(8, '0')}</span>
+        <span class="text-green">${rgb[1].toString(2).padStart(8, '0')}</span>
+        <span class="text-blue">${rgb[2].toString(2).padStart(8, '0')}</span>
+      `;
+    }
+
+    if (previewColor) previewColor.style.backgroundColor = fullHexString;
+    
+    const invertedHexString = "#" + rgb.map(v => (255 - v).toString(16).padStart(2, '0').toUpperCase()).join('');
+    if (previewInverted) previewInverted.style.backgroundColor = invertedHexString;
+
+    for (let c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+      const val = rgb[c];
+      const nibbles = [val % 16, Math.floor(val / 16)];
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        const display = document.getElementById(`colorDisplay-${c}-${i}`);
+        if (display) display.textContent = nibbles[i].toString(16).toUpperCase();
+
+        for (let j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+          const bulb = document.getElementById(`colorBulb-${c}-${i}-${j}`);
+          if (bulb) {
+            const isOn = (nibbles[i] & (1 << j)) !== 0;
+            bulb.classList.toggle("on", isOn);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     ACTIONS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clearAll() {
+    rgb = [0, 0, 0];
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function setRandomOnce() {
+    const arr = new Uint8Array(3);
+    crypto.getRandomValues(arr);
+    rgb = [arr[0], arr[1], arr[2]];
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function runRandomBriefly() {
+    if (randomTimer) {
+      clearInterval(randomTimer);
+      randomTimer = null;
+    }
+    if (btnRandom) btnRandom.classList.add("btnRandomRunning");
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    const durationMs = 1125; 
+    const tickMs = 80;
+
+    randomTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      setRandomOnce();
+      if (Date.now() - start >= durationMs) {
+        clearInterval(randomTimer);
+        randomTimer = null;
+        if (btnRandom) btnRandom.classList.remove("btnRandomRunning");
+      }
+    }, tickMs);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     EVENTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  btnCustomHex?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    let v = prompt("Enter a 6-character hex code (e.g. FF0055):");
+    if (v === null) return;
+    v = v.replace(/\s+/g, "").replace(/^#/i, "").toUpperCase();
+    
+    if (!/^[0-9A-F]{6}$/.test(v)) return alert("Invalid hex code. Please enter exactly 6 hexadecimal characters.");
+    
+    rgb = [
+      parseInt(v.substring(0, 2), 16),
+      parseInt(v.substring(2, 4), 16),
+      parseInt(v.substring(4, 6), 16)
+    ];
+    updateUI();
+  });
+
+  btnCustomRGB?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt("Enter R, G, B values (0-255) separated by commas (e.g. 255, 128, 0):");
+    if (v === null) return;
+    
+    const parts = v.split(',').map(s => parseInt(s.trim(), 10));
+    if (parts.length !== 3 || parts.some(isNaN) || parts.some(n => n < 0 || n > 255)) {
+      return alert("Invalid input. Please provide three numbers between 0 and 255.");
+    }
+    
+    rgb = parts;
+    updateUI();
+  });
+
+  btnInvert?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    rgb = rgb.map(v => 255 - v);
+    updateUI();
+  });
+
+  btnClear?.addEventListener("click", clearAll);
+  btnRandom?.addEventListener("click", runRandomBriefly);
+
+  toolboxToggle?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const isCollapsed = colorPage?.classList.contains("toolboxCollapsed");
+    colorPage.classList.toggle("toolboxCollapsed", !isCollapsed);
+    toolboxToggle?.setAttribute("aria-expanded", isCollapsed ? "true" : "false");
+  });
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     INIT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  buildGrid();
+  updateUI();
+})();

src/scripts/hexadecimal.js

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// src/scripts/hexadecimal.js
+// Computing:Box — Hexadecimal page logic
+
+(() => {
+  /* -----------------------------
+     DOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  const hexGrid = document.getElementById("hexGrid");
+  const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
+  const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
+  const hexEl = document.getElementById("hexNumber");
+  const digitsInput = document.getElementById("digitsInput");
+
+  const btnCustomBinary = document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary");
+  const btnCustomDenary = document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary");
+  const btnCustomHex = document.getElementById("btnCustomHex");
+
+  const btnDec = document.getElementById("btnDec");
+  const btnInc = document.getElementById("btnInc");
+  const btnClear = document.getElementById("btnClear");
+  const btnRandom = document.getElementById("btnRandom");
+
+  const btnDigitsUp = document.getElementById("btnDigitsUp");
+  const btnDigitsDown = document.getElementById("btnDigitsDown");
+
+  const toolboxToggle = document.getElementById("toolboxToggle");
+  const hexPage = document.getElementById("hexPage");
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     STATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  let hexCount = clampInt(Number(digitsInput?.value ?? 2), 1, 16);
+  let nibbles = new Array(hexCount).fill(0);
+  let randomTimer = null;
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     HELPERS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clampInt(n, min, max) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) return min;
+    return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, Math.trunc(n)));
+  }
+
+  function maxExclusive() {
+    return 1n << BigInt(hexCount * 4);
+  }
+
+  function maxValue() {
+    return maxExclusive() - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function getValue() {
+    let v = 0n;
+    for (let i = 0; i < hexCount; i++) {
+      v += BigInt(nibbles[i]) << BigInt(i * 4);
+    }
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  function setValue(v) {
+    if (v < 0n) return false;
+    if (v > maxValue()) return false;
+    
+    for (let i = 0; i < hexCount; i++) {
+      nibbles[i] = Number((v >> BigInt(i * 4)) & 0xFn);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     RESPONSIVE GRID
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function computeColsForHexGrid() {
+    if (!hexGrid) return;
+    hexGrid.style.setProperty("--cols", String(Math.min(hexCount, 8)));
+    hexGrid.classList.toggle("bitsFew", hexCount < 4);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BUILD UI (CARDS + BULBS)
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function buildGrid(count) {
+    hexCount = clampInt(count, 1, 16);
+    if (digitsInput) digitsInput.value = String(hexCount);
+
+    const oldNibbles = nibbles.slice();
+    nibbles = new Array(hexCount).fill(0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(oldNibbles.length, hexCount); i++) {
+        nibbles[i] = oldNibbles[i];
+    }
+
+    hexGrid.innerHTML = "";
+
+    for (let i = hexCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const col = document.createElement("div");
+      col.className = "hexCol";
+
+      let cardHTML = `
+        <div class="hexCard">
+          <div class="hexCardButtons">
+            <button class="hexCardBtn inc" id="hexInc-${i}">▲</button>
+            <button class="hexCardBtn dec" id="hexDec-${i}">▼</button>
+          </div>
+          <div class="hexDigitDisplay num" id="hexDisplay-${i}">0</div>
+          <div class="hexNibbleRow">
+      `;
+
+      for(let j = 3; j >= 0; j--) {
+        cardHTML += `
+            <div class="hexNibbleBit">
+              <div class="bulb hexNibbleBulb" id="hexBulb-${i}-${j}" aria-hidden="true">
+                <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+                  <path d="M12 2.25a6.75 6.75 0 0 0-6.75 6.75c0 2.537 1.393 4.75 3.493 5.922l.507.282v1.546h5.5v-1.546l.507-.282A6.75 6.75 0 0 0 12 2.25Zm-2.25 16.5v.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 4.5 0v-.75h-4.5Z"/>
+                </svg>
+              </div>
+              <div class="hexNibbleLabel">${1 << j}</div>
+            </div>
+        `;
+      }
+
+      cardHTML += `
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div class="hexColWeight">${(1n << BigInt(i * 4)).toString()}</div>
+      `;
+
+      col.innerHTML = cardHTML;
+
+      const incBtn = col.querySelector(`#hexInc-${i}`);
+      const decBtn = col.querySelector(`#hexDec-${i}`);
+
+      incBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
+        const span = maxExclusive();
+        const weight = 1n << BigInt(i * 4);
+        setValue((getValue() + weight) % span);
+        updateUI();
+      });
+
+      decBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
+        const span = maxExclusive();
+        const weight = 1n << BigInt(i * 4);
+        setValue((getValue() - weight + span) % span);
+        updateUI();
+      });
+
+      hexGrid.appendChild(col);
+    }
+
+    computeColsForHexGrid();
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     UI UPDATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function updateUI() {
+    const val = getValue();
+    
+    if (denaryEl) denaryEl.textContent = val.toString();
+    if (hexEl) hexEl.textContent = val.toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(hexCount, '0');
+
+    if (binaryEl) {
+      let binStr = "";
+      for (let i = hexCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        binStr += nibbles[i].toString(2).padStart(4, '0') + " ";
+      }
+      binaryEl.textContent = binStr.trimEnd();
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < hexCount; i++) {
+      const display = document.getElementById(`hexDisplay-${i}`);
+      if (display) display.textContent = nibbles[i].toString(16).toUpperCase();
+
+      for (let j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+        const bulb = document.getElementById(`hexBulb-${i}-${j}`);
+        if (bulb) {
+          const isOn = (nibbles[i] & (1 << j)) !== 0;
+          bulb.classList.toggle("on", isOn);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     CLEAR / INC / DEC
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clearAll() {
+    nibbles.fill(0);
+    buildGrid(2);
+  }
+
+  function increment() {
+    const span = maxExclusive();
+    setValue((getValue() + 1n) % span);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function decrement() {
+    const span = maxExclusive();
+    setValue((getValue() - 1n + span) % span);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     RANDOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function cryptoRandomBigInt(maxExcl) {
+    if (maxExcl <= 0n) return 0n;
+    const bitLen = maxExcl.toString(2).length;
+    const byteLen = Math.ceil(bitLen / 8);
+
+    while (true) {
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(byteLen);
+      crypto.getRandomValues(bytes);
+      let x = 0n;
+      for (const b of bytes) x = (x << 8n) | BigInt(b);
+
+      const extraBits = BigInt(byteLen * 8 - bitLen);
+      if (extraBits > 0n) x = x >> extraBits;
+      if (x < maxExcl) return x;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function setRandomOnce() {
+    const u = cryptoRandomBigInt(maxExclusive());
+    setValue(u);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function runRandomBriefly() {
+    if (randomTimer) {
+      clearInterval(randomTimer);
+      randomTimer = null;
+    }
+    if (btnRandom) btnRandom.classList.add("btnRandomRunning");
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    const durationMs = 1125; 
+    const tickMs = 80;
+
+    randomTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      setRandomOnce();
+      if (Date.now() - start >= durationMs) {
+        clearInterval(randomTimer);
+        randomTimer = null;
+        if (btnRandom) btnRandom.classList.remove("btnRandomRunning");
+      }
+    }, tickMs);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     EVENTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  btnCustomHex?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(`Enter hexadecimal (0-9, A-F). Current width: ${hexCount} digits`);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    const clean = v.replace(/\s+/g, "").toUpperCase();
+    
+    if (!/^[0-9A-F]+$/.test(clean)) return alert("Invalid hexadecimal.");
+    if (clean.length > hexCount) return alert("Value too large for current digit width.");
+    
+    if (!setValue(BigInt("0x" + clean))) alert("Value out of range.");
+    else updateUI();
+  });
+
+  btnCustomBinary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(`Enter binary (0, 1). Current width: ${hexCount * 4} bits`);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    const clean = v.replace(/\s+/g, "");
+    
+    if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean)) return alert("Invalid binary.");
+    if (clean.length > hexCount * 4) return alert("Value too large for current digit width.");
+    
+    if (!setValue(BigInt("0b" + clean))) alert("Value out of range.");
+    else updateUI();
+  });
+
+  btnCustomDenary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(`Enter denary (0 to ${maxValue().toString()}):`);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    const clean = v.trim();
+    
+    if (!/^\d+$/.test(clean)) return alert("Invalid denary. Digits only.");
+    if (!setValue(BigInt(clean))) alert(`Value out of range. Enter a number between 0 and ${maxValue().toString()}.`);
+    else updateUI();
+  });
+
+  btnInc?.addEventListener("click", increment);
+  btnDec?.addEventListener("click", decrement);
+
+  btnClear?.addEventListener("click", clearAll);
+  btnRandom?.addEventListener("click", runRandomBriefly);
+
+  btnDigitsUp?.addEventListener("click", () => buildGrid(hexCount + 1));
+  btnDigitsDown?.addEventListener("click", () => buildGrid(hexCount - 1));
+
+  digitsInput?.addEventListener("change", () => buildGrid(Number(digitsInput.value)));
+
+  toolboxToggle?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const isCollapsed = hexPage?.classList.contains("toolboxCollapsed");
+    hexPage.classList.toggle("toolboxCollapsed", !isCollapsed);
+    toolboxToggle?.setAttribute("aria-expanded", isCollapsed ? "true" : "false");
+  });
+
+  window.addEventListener("resize", computeColsForHexGrid);
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     INIT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  buildGrid(hexCount);
+
+})();

src/scripts/logicGates.js

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+// src/scripts/logicGates.js
+// Computing:Box — Drag & Drop Logic Builder
+
+(() => {
+  /* --- DOM Elements --- */
+  const workspace = document.getElementById("workspace");
+  const wireLayer = document.getElementById("wireLayer");
+  const ttContainer = document.getElementById("truthTableContainer");
+  const toolboxGrid = document.getElementById("toolboxGrid");
+  
+  const btnClearBoard = document.getElementById("btnClearBoard");
+  const toolboxToggle = document.getElementById("toolboxToggle");
+  const logicPage = document.getElementById("logicPage");
+
+  /* --- ANSI Gate SVGs (Strict 100x50 with built-in tails) --- */
+  const GATE_SVGS = {
+    'AND': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,15 L20,15 M0,35 L20,35 M70,25 L100,25"/><path d="M20,5 L50,5 A20,20 0 0 1 50,45 L20,45 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/></g>`,
+    'OR': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,15 L26,15 M0,35 L26,35 M70,25 L100,25"/><path d="M20,5 Q55,5 70,25 Q55,45 20,45 Q40,25 20,5 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/></g>`,
+    'NOT': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,25 L30,25 M71,25 L100,25"/><path d="M30,10 L60,25 L30,40 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/><circle cx="65.5" cy="25" r="4.5" fill="var(--bg)"/></g>`,
+    'NAND': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,15 L20,15 M0,35 L20,35 M80,25 L100,25"/><path d="M20,5 L50,5 A20,20 0 0 1 50,45 L20,45 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/><circle cx="74.5" cy="25" r="4.5" fill="var(--bg)"/></g>`,
+    'NOR': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,15 L26,15 M0,35 L26,35 M80,25 L100,25"/><path d="M20,5 Q55,5 70,25 Q55,45 20,45 Q40,25 20,5 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/><circle cx="74.5" cy="25" r="4.5" fill="var(--bg)"/></g>`,
+    'XOR': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,15 L24,15 M0,35 L24,35 M75,25 L100,25"/><path d="M30,5 Q60,5 75,25 Q60,45 30,45 Q50,25 30,5 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/><path d="M20,5 Q40,25 20,45"/></g>`,
+    'XNOR': `<g stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"><path d="M0,15 L24,15 M0,35 L24,35 M85,25 L100,25"/><path d="M30,5 Q60,5 75,25 Q60,45 30,45 Q50,25 30,5 Z" fill="var(--bg)"/><path d="M20,5 Q40,25 20,45"/><circle cx="79.5" cy="25" r="4.5" fill="var(--bg)"/></g>`
+  };
+
+  const INPUT_SVG = `<svg class="lg-line-svg" viewBox="0 0 30 50"><path d="M0,25 L30,25" stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg>`;
+  const OUTPUT_SVG = `<svg class="lg-line-svg" viewBox="0 0 30 50"><path d="M0,25 L30,25" stroke="#e8e8ee" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg>`;
+
+  /* --- State --- */
+  let nodes = {}; 
+  let connections = []; 
+  
+  let nextNodeId = 1;
+  let nextWireId = 1;
+  let inputCount = 0;
+  let outputCount = 0;
+
+  let isDraggingNode = null;
+  let dragOffset = { x: 0, y: 0 };
+  let clickStartX = 0, clickStartY = 0; // Fixes switch drag conflict
+  
+  let wiringStart = null; 
+  let tempWirePath = null;
+  
+  let selectedWireId = null; 
+  let selectedNodeId = null;
+
+  /* --- Setup Toolbox --- */
+  function initToolbox() {
+    if(!toolboxGrid) return;
+    let html = `
+      <div draggable="true" data-spawn="INPUT" class="drag-item tb-icon-box" title="Input Toggle">
+        <div class="switch" style="pointer-events:none;"><span class="slider"></span></div>
+        <div class="tb-icon-label">Input</div>
+      </div>
+      <div draggable="true" data-spawn="OUTPUT" class="drag-item tb-icon-box" title="Output Bulb">
+        <div class="bulb on" style="pointer-events:none; width:28px; height:28px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 2.25a6.75 6.75 0 0 0-6.75 6.75c0 2.537 1.393 4.75 3.493 5.922l.507.282v1.546h5.5v-1.546l.507-.282A6.75 6.75 0 0 0 12 2.25Zm-2.25 16.5v.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 4.5 0v-.75h-4.5Z"/></svg></div>
+        <div class="tb-icon-label">Output</div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    
+    Object.keys(GATE_SVGS).forEach(gate => {
+      html += `
+        <div draggable="true" data-spawn="GATE" data-gate="${gate}" class="drag-item tb-icon-box" title="${gate} Gate">
+           <svg viewBox="0 0 100 50" style="width:50px; height:25px; pointer-events:none;">${GATE_SVGS[gate]}</svg>
+           <div class="tb-icon-label">${gate}</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+    });
+    
+    toolboxGrid.innerHTML = html;
+
+    document.querySelectorAll('.drag-item').forEach(item => {
+      item.addEventListener('dragstart', (e) => {
+        e.dataTransfer.setData('spawnType', item.dataset.spawn);
+        if(item.dataset.spawn === 'GATE') e.dataTransfer.setData('gateType', item.dataset.gate);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  /* --- Math & Geometry --- */
+  function getPortCoords(nodeId, portDataAttr) {
+    const node = nodes[nodeId];
+    if (!node || !node.el) return {x:0, y:0};
+    
+    const portEl = node.el.querySelector(`[data-port="${portDataAttr}"]`);
+    if (!portEl) return {x:0, y:0};
+
+    const wsRect = workspace.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const portRect = portEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+    
+    return {
+      x: portRect.left - wsRect.left + (portRect.width / 2),
+      y: portRect.top - wsRect.top + (portRect.height / 2)
+    };
+  }
+
+  function drawBezier(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
+    const cpDist = Math.abs(x2 - x1) * 0.6 + 20; 
+    return `M ${x1} ${y1} C ${x1 + cpDist} ${y1}, ${x2 - cpDist} ${y2}, ${x2} ${y2}`;
+  }
+
+  /* --- Rendering --- */
+  function renderWires() {
+    let svgHTML = '';
+    
+    connections.forEach(conn => {
+      const from = getPortCoords(conn.fromNode, 'out');
+      const to = getPortCoords(conn.toNode, `in${conn.toPort}`);
+      const sourceNode = nodes[conn.fromNode];
+      const isActive = sourceNode && sourceNode.value === true;
+      const isSelected = conn.id === selectedWireId;
+      
+      svgHTML += `<path class="lg-wire ${isActive ? 'active' : ''} ${isSelected ? 'selected' : ''}" d="${drawBezier(from.x, from.y, to.x, to.y)}" data-conn-id="${conn.id}" />`;
+    });
+
+    if (wiringStart && tempWirePath) {
+      svgHTML += `<path class="lg-wire lg-wire-temp" d="${drawBezier(wiringStart.x, wiringStart.y, tempWirePath.x, tempWirePath.y)}" />`;
+    }
+
+    wireLayer.innerHTML = svgHTML;
+  }
+
+  function updateNodePositions() {
+    Object.values(nodes).forEach(n => {
+      if (n.el) {
+        n.el.style.left = `${n.x}px`;
+        n.el.style.top = `${n.y}px`;
+      }
+    });
+    renderWires();
+  }
+
+  function clearSelection() {
+    selectedWireId = null;
+    selectedNodeId = null;
+    document.querySelectorAll('.lg-node.selected').forEach(el => el.classList.remove('selected'));
+    renderWires();
+  }
+
+  /* --- Logic Evaluation --- */
+  function evaluateGraph(overrideInputs = null) {
+    let context = {}; 
+
+    Object.values(nodes).filter(n => n.type === 'INPUT').forEach(n => {
+      context[n.id] = overrideInputs ? overrideInputs[n.id] : n.value;
+    });
+
+    let changed = true;
+    let loops = 0;
+    
+    while (changed && loops < 10) {
+      changed = false;
+      loops++;
+      
+      Object.values(nodes).filter(n => n.type === 'GATE').forEach(gate => {
+        let in1Conn = connections.find(c => c.toNode === gate.id && c.toPort === '1');
+        let in2Conn = connections.find(c => c.toNode === gate.id && c.toPort === '2');
+
+        let val1 = in1Conn ? (context[in1Conn.fromNode] || false) : false;
+        let val2 = in2Conn ? (context[in2Conn.fromNode] || false) : false;
+        
+        let res = false;
+        switch(gate.gateType) {
+          case 'AND': res = val1 && val2; break;
+          case 'OR': res = val1 || val2; break;
+          case 'NOT': res = !val1; break;
+          case 'NAND': res = !(val1 && val2); break;
+          case 'NOR': res = !(val1 || val2); break;
+          case 'XOR': res = val1 !== val2; break;
+          case 'XNOR': res = val1 === val2; break;
+        }
+
+        if (context[gate.id] !== res) {
+          context[gate.id] = res;
+          changed = true;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    let outStates = {};
+    Object.values(nodes).filter(n => n.type === 'OUTPUT').forEach(out => {
+      let conn = connections.find(c => c.toNode === out.id);
+      let res = conn ? (context[conn.fromNode] || false) : false;
+      outStates[out.id] = res;
+    });
+
+    if (!overrideInputs) {
+      Object.values(nodes).forEach(n => {
+        if (n.type === 'GATE') n.value = context[n.id] || false;
+        if (n.type === 'OUTPUT') {
+          n.value = outStates[n.id] || false;
+          const bulb = n.el.querySelector('.bulb');
+          if (bulb) bulb.classList.toggle('on', n.value);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    return outStates;
+  }
+
+  /* --- Truth Table Generation --- */
+  function generateTruthTable() {
+    if (!ttContainer) return;
+
+    const inNodes = Object.values(nodes).filter(n => n.type === 'INPUT').sort((a,b) => a.label.localeCompare(b.label));
+    const outNodes = Object.values(nodes).filter(n => n.type === 'OUTPUT').sort((a,b) => a.label.localeCompare(b.label));
+
+    if (inNodes.length === 0 || outNodes.length === 0) {
+      ttContainer.innerHTML = '<div style="padding: 16px; color: var(--muted); text-align:center;">Add inputs and outputs to generate table.</div>';
+      return;
+    }
+    if (inNodes.length > 6) {
+      ttContainer.innerHTML = '<div style="padding: 16px; color: var(--muted); text-align:center;">Maximum 6 inputs supported.</div>';
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let html = '<table class="tt-table"><thead><tr>';
+    inNodes.forEach(n => html += `<th>${n.label}</th>`);
+    outNodes.forEach(n => html += `<th style="color:var(--text);">${n.label}</th>`);
+    html += '</tr></thead><tbody>';
+
+    const numRows = Math.pow(2, inNodes.length);
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < numRows; i++) {
+      let override = {};
+      inNodes.forEach((n, idx) => {
+        override[n.id] = ((i >> (inNodes.length - 1 - idx)) & 1) === 1;
+      });
+
+      let outStates = evaluateGraph(override);
+
+      html += '<tr>';
+      inNodes.forEach(n => {
+        let val = override[n.id];
+        html += `<td class="${val ? 'tt-on' : ''}">${val ? 1 : 0}</td>`;
+      });
+      outNodes.forEach(n => {
+        let val = outStates[n.id];
+        html += `<td class="${val ? 'tt-on' : ''}" style="font-weight:bold;">${val ? 1 : 0}</td>`;
+      });
+      html += '</tr>';
+    }
+
+    html += '</tbody></table>';
+    ttContainer.innerHTML = html;
+  }
+
+  function runSimulation() {
+    evaluateGraph();
+    renderWires();
+    generateTruthTable();
+  }
+
+  /* --- Node Creation --- */
+  function createNodeElement(node) {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.className = `lg-node`;
+    el.dataset.id = node.id;
+    el.style.left = `${node.x}px`;
+    el.style.top = `${node.y}px`;
+
+    let innerHTML = `<div class="lg-header">${node.label}</div><div class="lg-gate-container">`;
+
+    if (node.type === 'INPUT') {
+      innerHTML += `
+        <div class="switch" style="margin:0;"><span class="slider"></span></div>
+        ${INPUT_SVG}
+        <div class="lg-port port-out" data-port="out" style="top: 25px; left: 86px;"></div>
+      `;
+    } 
+    else if (node.type === 'OUTPUT') {
+      innerHTML += `
+        <div class="lg-port port-in-1" data-port="in1" style="top: 25px; left: 0;"></div>
+        ${OUTPUT_SVG}
+        <div class="bulb" style="margin:0;"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 2.25a6.75 6.75 0 0 0-6.75 6.75c0 2.537 1.393 4.75 3.493 5.922l.507.282v1.546h5.5v-1.546l.507-.282A6.75 6.75 0 0 0 12 2.25Zm-2.25 16.5v.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 4.5 0v-.75h-4.5Z"/></svg></div>
+      `;
+    } 
+    else if (node.type === 'GATE') {
+      const isNot = node.gateType === 'NOT';
+      innerHTML += `
+        <div class="lg-port port-in-1" data-port="in1" style="top: ${isNot ? '25px' : '15px'}; left: 0;"></div>
+        ${!isNot ? `<div class="lg-port port-in-2" data-port="in2" style="top: 35px; left: 0;"></div>` : ''}
+        <svg class="lg-gate-svg" viewBox="0 0 100 50">${GATE_SVGS[node.gateType]}</svg>
+        <div class="lg-port port-out" data-port="out" style="top: 25px; left: 100px;"></div>
+      `;
+    }
+
+    innerHTML += `</div>`;
+    el.innerHTML = innerHTML;
+    workspace.appendChild(el);
+    node.el = el;
+
+    if (node.type === 'INPUT') {
+      // Custom click handler to prevent dragging from toggling the switch
+      el.querySelector('.switch').addEventListener('click', (e) => {
+        const dist = Math.hypot(e.clientX - clickStartX, e.clientY - clickStartY);
+        if (isDraggingNode || dist > 3) {
+          e.preventDefault(); 
+        } else {
+          node.value = !node.value;
+          el.querySelector('.switch').classList.toggle('active-sim', node.value);
+          el.querySelector('.slider').style.background = node.value ? 'rgba(40,240,122,.25)' : '';
+          el.querySelector('.slider').style.borderColor = node.value ? 'rgba(40,240,122,.30)' : '';
+          el.querySelector('.slider').innerHTML = node.value ? `<style>#${node.id} .slider::before { transform: translateX(28px); }</style>` : '';
+          runSimulation();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    return el;
+  }
+
+  function spawnNode(type, gateType = null, dropX = null, dropY = null) {
+    let label = '';
+    if (type === 'INPUT') { inputCount++; label = String.fromCharCode(64 + inputCount); }
+    if (type === 'OUTPUT') { outputCount++; label = `Q${outputCount}`; }
+    if (type === 'GATE') { label = gateType; }
+
+    const id = `node_${nextNodeId++}`;
+    
+    const offset = Math.floor(Math.random() * 40);
+    const x = dropX !== null ? dropX : (type === 'INPUT' ? 50 : (type === 'OUTPUT' ? 600 : 300) + offset);
+    const y = dropY !== null ? dropY : 150 + offset;
+
+    const node = { id, type, gateType, label, x, y, value: false, el: null };
+    nodes[id] = node;
+    createNodeElement(node);
+    runSimulation();
+  }
+
+  /* --- Global Interaction Handlers --- */
+  
+  workspace.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => {
+    clickStartX = e.clientX;
+    clickStartY = e.clientY;
+
+    const port = e.target.closest('.lg-port');
+    if (port) {
+      const nodeEl = port.closest('.lg-node');
+      const portId = port.dataset.port;
+      
+      if (portId.startsWith('in')) {
+        const existingIdx = connections.findIndex(c => c.toNode === nodeEl.dataset.id && c.toPort === portId.replace('in', ''));
+        if (existingIdx !== -1) {
+          connections.splice(existingIdx, 1);
+          runSimulation();
+          return; 
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (portId === 'out') {
+        const coords = getPortCoords(nodeEl.dataset.id, 'out');
+        wiringStart = { node: nodeEl.dataset.id, port: portId, x: coords.x, y: coords.y };
+        tempWirePath = { x: coords.x, y: coords.y };
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const wire = e.target.closest('.lg-wire');
+    if (wire && wire.dataset.connId) {
+      clearSelection();
+      selectedWireId = wire.dataset.connId;
+      renderWires();
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const nodeEl = e.target.closest('.lg-node');
+    if (nodeEl) {
+      clearSelection();
+      selectedNodeId = nodeEl.dataset.id;
+      nodeEl.classList.add('selected');
+
+      isDraggingNode = nodeEl.dataset.id;
+      const rect = nodeEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+      dragOffset = { x: e.clientX - rect.left, y: e.clientY - rect.top };
+      return;
+    }
+
+    clearSelection();
+  });
+
+  window.addEventListener('mousemove', (e) => {
+    const wsRect = workspace.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+    if (isDraggingNode) {
+      const node = nodes[isDraggingNode];
+      let newX = e.clientX - wsRect.left - dragOffset.x;
+      let newY = e.clientY - wsRect.top - dragOffset.y;
+      node.x = Math.max(10, Math.min(newX, wsRect.width - 80));
+      node.y = Math.max(20, Math.min(newY, wsRect.height - 60));
+      updateNodePositions();
+    }
+
+    if (wiringStart) {
+      tempWirePath = { 
+        x: e.clientX - wsRect.left, 
+        y: e.clientY - wsRect.top 
+      };
+      renderWires();
+    }
+  });
+
+  window.addEventListener('mouseup', (e) => {
+    isDraggingNode = null;
+
+    if (wiringStart) {
+      const port = e.target.closest('.lg-port');
+      if (port && port.dataset.port.startsWith('in')) {
+        const targetNodeId = port.closest('.lg-node').dataset.id;
+        const targetPortId = port.dataset.port.replace('in', ''); 
+
+        if (targetNodeId !== wiringStart.node) {
+          connections = connections.filter(c => !(c.toNode === targetNodeId && c.toPort === targetPortId));
+          
+          connections.push({
+            id: `conn_${nextWireId++}`,
+            fromNode: wiringStart.node,
+            fromPort: 'out',
+            toNode: targetNodeId,
+            toPort: targetPortId
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      wiringStart = null;
+      tempWirePath = null;
+      runSimulation();
+    }
+  });
+
+  /* --- Deletion --- */
+  window.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
+    if (e.key === 'Delete' || e.key === 'Backspace') {
+      if (selectedWireId) {
+        connections = connections.filter(c => c.id !== selectedWireId);
+        clearSelection();
+        runSimulation();
+      } 
+      else if (selectedNodeId) {
+        connections = connections.filter(c => c.fromNode !== selectedNodeId && c.toNode !== selectedNodeId);
+        if (nodes[selectedNodeId] && nodes[selectedNodeId].el) {
+          workspace.removeChild(nodes[selectedNodeId].el);
+        }
+        delete nodes[selectedNodeId];
+        clearSelection();
+        runSimulation();
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  /* --- Drag and Drop --- */
+  workspace.addEventListener('dragover', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); });
+  workspace.addEventListener('drop', (e) => {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    const spawnType = e.dataTransfer.getData('spawnType');
+    if (spawnType) {
+      const gateType = e.dataTransfer.getData('gateType');
+      const wsRect = workspace.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const x = e.clientX - wsRect.left - 40; 
+      const y = e.clientY - wsRect.top - 30;
+      spawnNode(spawnType, gateType || null, x, y);
+    }
+  });
+
+  /* --- Init --- */
+  btnClearBoard?.addEventListener('click', () => {
+    workspace.querySelectorAll('.lg-node').forEach(el => el.remove());
+    nodes = {};
+    connections = [];
+    inputCount = 0;
+    outputCount = 0;
+    runSimulation();
+  });
+
+  toolboxToggle?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const isCollapsed = logicPage?.classList.contains("toolboxCollapsed");
+    logicPage.classList.toggle("toolboxCollapsed", !isCollapsed);
+    toolboxToggle?.setAttribute("aria-expanded", isCollapsed ? "true" : "false");
+    setTimeout(renderWires, 450); 
+  });
+
+  initToolbox();
+  spawnNode('INPUT', null, 80, 150);
+  spawnNode('INPUT', null, 80, 250);
+  spawnNode('GATE', 'AND', 320, 200);
+  spawnNode('OUTPUT', null, 600, 200);
+
+})();

src/scripts/unsignedBinary.js

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-let bits = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
-let state = Array(8).fill(0);
-
-const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
-const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
-const bitEls = document.querySelectorAll(".bit");
-
-bitEls.forEach((el, i) => {
-  el.addEventListener("click", () => {
-    state[i] = state[i] ? 0 : 1;
-    el.classList.toggle("on");
-    update();
-  });
-});
-
-function update() {
-  const denary = state.reduce((sum, bit, i) => sum + bit * bits[i], 0);
-  denaryEl.textContent = denary;
-  binaryEl.textContent = state.join("");
-}
-
-function requestBinary() {
-  const input = prompt("Enter 8-bit binary:");
-  if (!/^[01]{8}$/.test(input)) return;
-  state = input.split("").map(Number);
-  bitEls.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle("on",state[i]));
-  update();
-}
-
-function requestDenary() {
-  const input = parseInt(prompt("Enter denary (0–255)"),10);
-  if (isNaN(input) || input < 0 || input > 255) return;
-
-  let value = input;
-  state = bits.map(b => {
-    if (value >= b) {
-      value -= b;
-      return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-  });
-
-  bitEls.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle("on",state[i]));
-  update();
-}
-
-function shiftBinary(dir) {
-  if (dir === "left") state.shift(), state.push(0);
-  if (dir === "right") state.pop(), state.unshift(0);
-  bitEls.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle("on",state[i]));
-  update();
-}
-
-update();

src/styles/binary.css

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-.binary-container {
-  max-width: 1100px;
-  margin: auto;
-  padding: 2rem;
-  color: #e0e0e0;
-}
-
-.display {
-  text-align: center;
-}
-
-.label {
-  font-size: 1.2rem;
-  opacity: 0.7;
-}
-
-.number {
-  font-size: 3rem;
-  margin-bottom: 1rem;
-  color: #00ff66;
-}
-
-.controls {
-  margin-top: 1rem;
-}
-
-.controls button {
-  margin: 0.25rem;
-  padding: 0.6rem 1rem;
-  font-size: 1rem;
-}
-
-.bits {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(8, 1fr);
-  gap: 1rem;
-  margin-top: 3rem;
-}
-
-.bit {
-  width: 40px;
-  height: 80px;
-  background: #333;
-  border-radius: 20px;
-  position: relative;
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-
-.bit::after {
-  content: "";
-  width: 32px;
-  height: 32px;
-  background: #555;
-  border-radius: 50%;
-  position: absolute;
-  bottom: 6px;
-  left: 4px;
-  transition: all 0.2s ease;
-}
-
-.bit.on {
-  background: #00c853;
-}
-
-.bit.on::after {
-  bottom: 42px;
-  background: #eaffea;
-}

src/styles/global.css

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/* Global fonts */
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment";
+  src: url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff2") format("woff2"),
+       url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff") format("woff");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic";
+  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff") format("woff"),
+       url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+
+:root {
+  --nav-h: 92px; 
+  --bg: #1f2027;
+  --text: #e8e8ee;
+  --muted: #a9acb8;
+  --line: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  
+  --ui-font: "Inter", system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  --num-font: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;
+  --bit-font: "SevenSegment", monospace; 
+}
+
+* { box-sizing: border-box; }
+html, body { height: 100%; }
+body { margin: 0; background: var(--bg); color: var(--text); font-family: var(--ui-font); display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
+
+/* --- BASE LAYOUT --- */
+.siteNav { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 50; height: var(--nav-h); background: rgba(0,0,0,.10); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); backdrop-filter: blur(8px); }
+.navInner { height: 100%; max-width: 1400px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 20px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 24px; }
+.brand { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--text); }
+.brandLogo { width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; image-rendering: pixelated; }
+.brandName { letter-spacing: .12em; font-weight: 900; font-size: 18px; }
+.navLinks { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 18px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+.navLinks a { color: var(--muted); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .12em; font-size: 16px; }
+.navLinks a:hover, .navLinks a.active { color: #e8e8ee; } 
+
+.pageWrap { flex: 1; max-width: 1400px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 20px 40px; width: 100%; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
+.siteFooter { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); background: rgba(0,0,0,.08); }
+.footerInner { max-width: 1400px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 18px 20px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: .08em; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }
+
+/* --- APP LAYOUT --- */
+.binaryPage {
+  --toolbox-w: 360px;
+  --toolbox-gap: 22px;
+  --toolbox-toggle-top: calc(var(--nav-h) + 16px);
+  --toolbox-top: calc(var(--toolbox-toggle-top) + 60px);
+  position: relative; padding-top: 16px; flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column;
+}
+.binaryPage:not(.toolboxCollapsed) { padding-right: calc(var(--toolbox-w) + var(--toolbox-gap)); }
+.binaryPage.toolboxCollapsed { padding-right: 0; }
+.topGrid { display: flex; align-items: stretch; gap: 28px; flex: 1; }
+.leftCol { flex: 1 1 auto; min-width: 0; container-type: inline-size; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
+
+/* --- READOUT FORMATTING --- */
+.readoutContainer { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 64px; width: 100%; }
+.readout { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 16px; padding-top: 4px; }
+.readoutBlock { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 8px; }
+.label { font-family: var(--bit-font); letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 18px; opacity: .75; margin: 0; }
+.num { font-family: var(--num-font); color: #28f07a; text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(40,240,122,.35); letter-spacing: 2px; }
+
+.denaryValue, .hexValue, .binaryValue { display: flex; gap: 16px; justify-content: center; white-space: pre-wrap; text-align: center; margin: 0; line-height: 1; }
+.denaryValue { font-size: 56px; }
+.hexValue { font-size: 48px; }
+.binaryValue { font-size: 40px; }
+.divider { height: 1px; background: rgba(255,255,255,.08); margin: 16px 0 16px; }
+
+/* --- GRIDS & BITS --- */
+.bitsWrap { width: 100%; }
+.bitsGrid { --cols: 8; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--cols), minmax(92px, 1fr)); gap: 26px 22px; align-items: start; justify-items: center; }
+.bitsGrid.bitsFew { justify-content: center; }
+.bit { width: 100%; max-width: 140px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 8px; container-type: inline-size; }
+.bitVal { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: min(32px, calc(140cqw / var(--len, 1))); letter-spacing: 2px; color: rgba(232,232,238,.85); white-space: nowrap; line-height: 1; }
+
+.bulb { width: 44px; height: 44px; color: rgba(255,255,255,.15); margin-bottom: 8px; flex-shrink: 0; transition: 0.2s ease; background: transparent; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
+.bulb svg { width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; }
+.bulb.on { color: #ffd86b !important; filter: drop-shadow(0 0 14px rgba(255, 216, 107, 1)) !important; }
+.bulb.on svg { fill: #ffd86b !important; }
+
+.switch { position: relative; width: 56px; height: 28px; display: inline-block; }
+.switch input { display: none; }
+.slider { position: absolute; inset: 0; background: rgba(255,255,255,.14); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14); border-radius: 999px; transition: .2s ease; }
+.slider::before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 22px; height: 22px; left: 3px; top: 2px; background: rgba(255,255,255,.92); border-radius: 999px; transition: .2s ease; pointer-events: none; }
+.switch input:checked + .slider { background: rgba(40,240,122,.25); border-color: rgba(40,240,122,.30); }
+.switch input:checked + .slider::before { transform: translateX(28px); }
+
+/* --- HEXADECIMAL --- */
+.hexGrid { --cols: 4; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--cols), minmax(160px, 1fr)); gap: 32px 20px; align-items: start; justify-items: center; width: 100%; }
+.hexGrid.bitsFew { justify-content: center; }
+.hexCol { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; width: 100%; }
+
+/* --- HEX COLOURS SPECIFIC --- */
+.colorGroupWrap { display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; gap: 16px; justify-content: center; width: 100%; }
+.colorGroup { display: flex; gap: 12px; padding: 12px; background: rgba(255,255,255,.02); border-radius: 20px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.05); flex: 0 1 auto; min-width: 0; }
+.colorPreviewSide { display: flex; gap: 24px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
+.colorBoxWrap { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 8px; }
+.colorBox { width: 60px; height: 60px; border-radius: 12px; border: 2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15); box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.4); background-color: #000000; transition: background-color 0.2s ease; }
+.colorBoxLabel { font-family: var(--ui-font); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted); }
+
+.text-red { color: #ff5555 !important; text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(255,85,85,.35) !important; }
+.text-green { color: #28f07a !important; text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(40,240,122,.35) !important; }
+.text-blue { color: #55aaff !important; text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(85,170,255,.35) !important; }
+
+/* HEX CARD */
+.hexCard { background: rgba(255,255,255,.03); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08); border-radius: 16px; padding: 16px 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 16px; width: 100%; max-width: 190px; flex: 0 1 auto; min-width: 0; box-shadow: 0 4px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.2); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); }
+.hexCardButtons { display: flex; gap: 10px; }
+.hexCardBtn { width: 38px; height: 38px; border-radius: 10px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12); font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; cursor: pointer; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 0; color: rgba(232,232,238,.92); transition: all 0.2s ease; }
+.hexCardBtn.inc { background: rgba(40,240,122,.15); border-color: rgba(40,240,122,.25); }
+.hexCardBtn.inc:hover { background: rgba(40,240,122,.25); border-color: rgba(40,240,122,.4); }
+.hexCardBtn.dec { background: rgba(255,80,80,.18); border-color: rgba(255,80,80,.25); }
+.hexCardBtn.dec:hover { background: rgba(255,80,80,.28); border-color: rgba(255,80,80,.4); }
+.hexDigitDisplay { font-family: var(--num-font); font-size: 48px; color: #28f07a; text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(40,240,122,.35); line-height: 1; }
+.hexNibbleRow { display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: center; width: 100%; }
+.hexNibbleBit { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 6px; }
+.hexNibbleBulb { width: 32px !important; height: 32px !important; margin-bottom: 2px !important; }
+.hexNibbleLabel { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 24px; color: rgba(232,232,238,.6); }
+.hexColWeight { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 40px; color: rgba(232,232,238,.6); margin-top: 14px; }
+
+
+/* --- TOOLBOX --- */
+.toolboxToggle { position: fixed; top: var(--toolbox-toggle-top); right: 22px; z-index: 90; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; padding: 10px 14px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12); background: rgba(0,0,0,.15); backdrop-filter: blur(8px); color: rgba(232,232,238,.95); font-family: var(--bit-font); font-weight: 800; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; }
+.toolboxIcon { font-size: 20px; filter: drop-shadow(0 0 8px rgba(255,105,180,.35)); }
+.toolboxToggle:hover { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.22); }
+.panelCol { position: fixed; top: var(--toolbox-top); right: 22px; width: var(--toolbox-w); z-index: 80; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 16px; transform: translateX(0); opacity: 1; transition: transform 420ms cubic-bezier(.2,.9,.2,1), opacity 220ms ease; }
+.binaryPage.toolboxCollapsed .panelCol { transform: translateX(calc(var(--toolbox-w) + 32px)); opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; }
+.card { background: rgba(255,255,255,.05); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10); border-radius: 16px; padding: 16px; backdrop-filter: blur(10px); }
+.cardTitle { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 18px; color: rgba(232,232,238,.9); margin-bottom: 12px; }
+.hint { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase; color: rgba(232,232,238,.55); margin-top: 10px; line-height: 1.35; }
+.toggleRow { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; }
+.toggleLabel { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: nowrap; color: var(--muted); transition: color 0.2s, text-shadow 0.2s; }
+.toggleLabel.activeMode { color: #28f07a; text-shadow: 0 0 12px rgba(40,240,122,.45); }
+.subCard { margin-top: 12px; padding: 12px; border-radius: 14px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10); background: rgba(0,0,0,.12); }
+.subTitle { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; opacity: .85; }
+.bitWidthRow { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; }
+.miniBtn { width: 44px; height: 44px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12); background: rgba(255,255,255,.06); color: rgba(232,232,238,.9); font-family: var(--bit-font); font-weight: 900; font-size: 22px; cursor: pointer; }
+.miniBtn:hover { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.22); }
+.bitInputWrap { flex: 1 1 auto; min-width: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 10px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10); background: rgba(255,255,255,.04); padding: 10px 12px; }
+.bitInputLabel { font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: .7; }
+.bitInput { width: 70px; text-align: right; font-family: var(--num-font); font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: 2px; color: #28f07a; background: transparent; border: none; outline: none; }
+.btn { border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12); background: rgba(255,255,255,.06); color: rgba(232,232,238,.92); border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px 12px; font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 900; cursor: pointer; }
+.btn:hover { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.22); }
+.btnAccent { background: rgba(40,240,122,.12); border-color: rgba(40,240,122,.22); }
+.btnAccent:hover { border-color: rgba(40,240,122,.35); }
+.btnHalf { width: calc(50% - 6px); }
+.btnWide { width: 100%; }
+.controlsRow { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
+.toolRowCentered { display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+.toolBtn { width: 46px; height: 46px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12); background: rgba(255,255,255,.06); color: rgba(232,232,238,.92); font-family: var(--bit-font); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; cursor: pointer; }
+.toolDec { background: rgba(255,80,80,.20); border-color: rgba(255,80,80,.25); }
+.toolInc { background: rgba(40,240,122,.18); border-color: rgba(40,240,122,.25); }
+.btnReset { color: rgba(232,232,238,.95); }
+.btnReset:hover { background: rgba(255,80,80,.18); border-color: rgba(255,80,80,.35); }
+
+/* === CONTAINER QUERIES === */
+@container (max-width: 1050px) {
+  .readoutContainer { gap: 40px; }
+  .colorGroupWrap { gap: 10px; }
+  .colorGroup { padding: 10px; gap: 8px; border-radius: 16px; }
+  .hexCard { padding: 12px 8px; width: 140px; gap: 12px; }
+  .hexDigitDisplay { font-size: 40px; }
+  .hexNibbleBulb { width: 24px !important; height: 24px !important; }
+  .hexNibbleLabel { font-size: 20px; }
+  .hexColWeight { font-size: 26px; margin-top: 10px; }
+  .hexCardBtn { width: 34px; height: 34px; font-size: 14px; }
+}
+
+@container (max-width: 800px) {
+  .readoutContainer { flex-direction: column; gap: 24px; }
+  .colorPreviewSide { padding-top: 0; }
+  .colorGroupWrap { gap: 6px; }
+  .colorGroup { padding: 6px; gap: 6px; border-radius: 12px; }
+  .hexCard { padding: 8px 4px; width: 90px; gap: 8px; border-radius: 10px; }
+  .hexDigitDisplay { font-size: 32px; }
+  .hexNibbleBulb { width: 16px !important; height: 16px !important; }
+  .hexNibbleLabel { font-size: 16px; }
+  .hexColWeight { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 6px; }
+  .hexCardBtn { width: 28px; height: 28px; font-size: 12px; }
+  .denaryValue, .hexValue, .binaryValue { font-size: 32px; gap: 10px; }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 1100px) { .binaryPage { --toolbox-w: 330px; } .denaryValue { font-size: 48px; }  .hexValue { font-size: 40px; } .binaryValue { font-size: 32px; } }
+@media (max-width: 900px) { .binaryPage { --toolbox-w: 320px; } .bitsGrid { grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--cols), minmax(84px, 1fr)); } .hexGrid { grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--cols), minmax(130px, 1fr)); } }

src/styles/logic-gates.css

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/* === LOGIC GATES CANVAS CSS === */
+.lg-workspace {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: 1;
+  width: 100%;
+  min-height: 750px;
+  background-color: transparent; 
+  background-image: radial-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0.12) 1px, transparent 1px);
+  background-size: 24px 24px;
+  border: none;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.lg-svg-layer {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  pointer-events: none; 
+  z-index: 1;
+}
+
+/* Wires */
+.lg-wire {
+  stroke: rgba(255,255,255,0.25);
+  stroke-width: 6;
+  fill: none;
+  stroke-linecap: round;
+  transition: stroke 0.1s ease, filter 0.1s ease, stroke-width 0.1s ease;
+  pointer-events: stroke; /* Allows wires to be clicked */
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.lg-wire:hover {
+  stroke: rgba(255,255,255,0.6);
+  stroke-width: 10;
+}
+.lg-wire.active {
+  stroke: #28f07a;
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 6px rgba(40,240,122,0.6));
+}
+.lg-wire.active:hover { stroke: #5dff9e; }
+.lg-wire.selected {
+  stroke: #ff5555 !important;
+  stroke-width: 8 !important;
+  stroke-dasharray: 8 8;
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 8px rgba(255,85,85,0.8)) !important;
+  animation: wireDash 1s linear infinite;
+}
+@keyframes wireDash { to { stroke-dashoffset: -16; } }
+
+.lg-wire-temp {
+  stroke: rgba(255,255,255,0.4);
+  stroke-dasharray: 8 8;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+/* Nodes (Borderless & Transparent) */
+.lg-node {
+  position: absolute;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  padding: 4px;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-items: center;
+  cursor: grab;
+  z-index: 10;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  backdrop-filter: none;
+  user-select: none;
+  transition: filter 0.2s;
+}
+.lg-node:active { cursor: grabbing; z-index: 20; }
+.lg-node.selected {
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 10px rgba(255,85,85,0.8));
+}
+
+/* Node Labels (Seven-Segment, +2 Sizes Bigger) */
+.lg-header {
+  font-size: 24px; 
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-family: var(--bit-font); 
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  margin-bottom: 6px;
+}
+
+/* Container mapping SVGs to absolutely positioned connection dots */
+.lg-gate-container {
+  position: relative;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.lg-gate-svg {
+  width: 100px; 
+  height: 50px;
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.lg-line-svg {
+  width: 30px;
+  height: 50px;
+  display: block;
+}
+
+/* Connection Ports */
+.lg-port {
+  width: 16px; height: 16px; background: #a9acb8; border-radius: 50%; cursor: crosshair;
+  border: 3px solid var(--bg); box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.2); transition: all 0.2s;
+  position: absolute; z-index: 5;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%); /* Centers the dot exactly over the coordinate */
+}
+.lg-port:hover { transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.3); background: #fff; }
+.lg-port.active { background: #28f07a; box-shadow: 0 0 12px rgba(40,240,122,0.8); border-color: #1f2027; }
+
+/* Draggable Toolbox Visual Gates Grid */
+.tb-icon-grid {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+.tb-icon-box {
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);
+  border-radius: 12px; width: 100%; padding: 12px 0;
+  display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 8px;
+  cursor: grab; transition: background 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
+}
+.tb-icon-box:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.3); }
+.tb-icon-label { font-family: var(--ui-font); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; color: var(--text); letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase; }
+
+/* Toolbox Scroll Fix */
+.panelCol {
+  max-height: calc(100vh - var(--nav-h) - 30px) !important;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  padding-bottom: 30px;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+/* Truth Table */
+.tt-summary {
+  font-family: var(--ui-font); font-size: 14px; font-weight: 800;
+  color: var(--accent, #28f07a); cursor: pointer; user-select: none;
+  outline: none; margin-bottom: 10px; text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+.tt-table-wrap {
+  width: 100%; max-height: 300px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: auto;
+  border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1); background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
+}
+.tt-table {
+  width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;
+  font-family: var(--num-font); font-size: 14px; color: #e8e8ee;
+}
+.tt-table th {
+  position: sticky; top: 0; background: rgba(31,32,39,0.95);
+  padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);
+  color: var(--muted); font-family: var(--bit-font); font-weight: normal;
+}
+.tt-table td { padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.05); }
+.tt-table .tt-on { color: #28f07a; text-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(40,240,122,0.5); }

src/styles/site.css

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+:root{
+  --bg: #1f2027;
+  --panel: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+  --panel-border: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  --text: #e8e8ee;
+  --muted: #a9acb8;
+  --accent: #33ff7a;
+  --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
+  --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+}
+
+*{ box-sizing: border-box; }
+
+body{
+  margin:0;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  background: var(--bg);
+  color: var(--text);
+}
+
+.site-header{
+  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.12);
+}
+
+.site-header__inner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  display:flex;
+  align-items:center;
+  justify-content:space-between;
+  gap: 18px;
+}
+
+.brand{
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .02em;
+}
+
+.nav{
+  display:flex;
+  gap: 14px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  justify-content:flex-end;
+}
+
+.nav__link{
+  color: var(--muted);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+.nav__link:hover{ color: var(--text); }
+
+.site-main{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 28px 20px 40px;
+  min-height: calc(100vh - 140px);
+}
+
+.site-footer{
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+}
+
+.site-footer__inner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 16px 20px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}