Changed .gitignore to include build outputs

Signed-off-by: Alexander Lyall <alex@adcm.uk>

.gitea/workflows/pre-release.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+name: Pre-release on non-main branches
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches-ignore: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  prerelease:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout (full history + tags)
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Stop if this is the bot changelog commit
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          msg="$(git log -1 --pretty=%B)"
+          echo "$msg" | tr -d '\r' | grep -qi "\[skip ci\]" && {
+            echo "Skipping (bot commit with [skip ci])"
+            exit 0
+          } || true
+
+      - name: Install git-cliff
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          GIT_CLIFF_VERSION="2.11.0"
+          URL="https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff/releases/download/v${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}/git-cliff-${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz"
+          curl -L "$URL" -o /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz
+          tar -xzf /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz -C /tmp
+          sudo install /tmp/git-cliff-*/git-cliff /usr/local/bin/git-cliff
+          git-cliff --version
+
+      - name: Generate CHANGELOG.md (in runner only)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          git-cliff --config cliff.toml --output CHANGELOG.md
+          test -s CHANGELOG.md
+
+      - name: Extract newest changelog section for pre-release body
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          awk '
+            /^## / { if (seen) exit; seen=1 }
+            seen { print }
+          ' CHANGELOG.md > RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+          sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' RELEASE_NOTES.md
+          test -s RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+      - name: Create export zip (Computing:Box Website.zip)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          if [ ! -d "dist" ]; then
+            echo "❌ dist/ folder not found in repo root"
+            ls -la
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          rm -f "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          (cd dist && zip -r "../Computing:Box Website.zip" .)
+          test -s "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          ls -lh "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+
+      - name: Prepare pre-release tag + name
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          # Get branch name from ref: refs/heads/feature/x -> feature/x
+          ref="${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}"
+          # Make it tag-safe: lowercase, / -> -, remove invalid chars, collapse repeats
+          safe_branch="$(echo "$ref" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' | sed -E 's#[^a-z0-9._-]+#-#g; s#-+#-#g; s#(^-|-$)##g')"
+
+          VERSION="$(date -u +'%y.%m.%d')"
+          SHORT_SHA="$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"
+
+          # Pre-release tag format:
+          # vYY.MM.DD-pre.<branch>.<sha>
+          TAG="v${VERSION}-pre.${safe_branch}.${SHORT_SHA}"
+
+          # Release name shown in UI
+          RELEASE_NAME="Computing:Box pre-release (${ref}) v${VERSION}"
+
+          echo "TAG=$TAG" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "RELEASE_NAME=$RELEASE_NAME" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "ZIP_PATH=Computing:Box Website.zip" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "BRANCH_NAME=$ref" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          echo "Using tag: $TAG"
+          echo "Release name: $RELEASE_NAME"
+
+      - name: Create and push tag (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          git tag -f "$TAG"
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+
+          # Convert SSH origin to HTTPS if needed
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          authed_url="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E "s#^https://#https://oauth2:${CHANGELOG_PAT}@#")"
+          git push "$authed_url" "refs/tags/$TAG" --force
+
+      - name: Create Gitea pre-release + upload asset (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          base="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#(https?://[^/]+)/.*#\1#')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#https?://[^/]+/##')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$repo_path" | sed -E 's/\.git$//')"
+
+          owner="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f1)"
+          repo="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f2-)"
+
+          api="$base/api/v1"
+
+          python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json, os
+          tag = os.environ["TAG"]
+          name = os.environ["RELEASE_NAME"]
+          branch = os.environ.get("BRANCH_NAME", "")
+
+          with open("RELEASE_NOTES.md", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              body = f.read()
+
+          # Add a small pre-release banner at the top
+          banner = f"⚠️ Pre-release build from branch `{branch}`\n\n"
+          payload = {
+              "tag_name": tag,
+              "target_commitish": branch if branch else "main",
+              "name": name,
+              "body": banner + body,
+              "draft": False,
+              "prerelease": True,
+          }
+
+          with open("release.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              json.dump(payload, f)
+          PY
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases" \
+            --data-binary @release.json \
+            -o release_response.json
+
+          release_id="$(python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json
+          with open("release_response.json","r",encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              data=json.load(f)
+          rid=data.get("id")
+          if not rid:
+              raise SystemExit("No release id returned. Response:\n" + json.dumps(data, indent=2))
+          print(rid)
+          PY
+          )"
+          echo "Created pre-release id: $release_id"
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases/${release_id}/assets?name=Computing%3ABox%20Website.zip" \
+            -F "attachment=@${ZIP_PATH}" \
+            >/dev/null
+
+          echo "✅ Pre-release created: ${RELEASE_NAME} (tag: ${TAG}) with asset uploaded"

.gitea/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+name: Changelog + Release on main
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  changelog_and_release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout (full history + tags)
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Stop if this is the bot changelog commit
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          msg="$(git log -1 --pretty=%B)"
+          echo "$msg" | tr -d '\r' | grep -qi "\[skip ci\]" && {
+            echo "Skipping (bot commit with [skip ci])"
+            exit 0
+          } || true
+
+      - name: Install git-cliff
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          GIT_CLIFF_VERSION="2.11.0"
+          URL="https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff/releases/download/v${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}/git-cliff-${GIT_CLIFF_VERSION}-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz"
+          curl -L "$URL" -o /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz
+          tar -xzf /tmp/git-cliff.tar.gz -C /tmp
+          sudo install /tmp/git-cliff-*/git-cliff /usr/local/bin/git-cliff
+          git-cliff --version
+
+      - name: Generate CHANGELOG.md (Keep a Changelog)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          git-cliff --config cliff.toml --output CHANGELOG.md
+          test -s CHANGELOG.md
+
+      - name: Commit and push CHANGELOG.md if changed (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          if git diff --quiet -- CHANGELOG.md; then
+            echo "No changelog changes."
+          else
+            git config user.name "changelog-bot"
+            git config user.email "changelog-bot@users.noreply.local"
+
+            git add CHANGELOG.md
+            git commit -m "docs(changelog): update changelog [skip ci]"
+
+            origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+
+            # Convert SSH origin to HTTPS if needed
+            if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+              host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+              path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+              origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+            fi
+
+            authed_url="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E "s#^https://#https://oauth2:${CHANGELOG_PAT}@#")"
+            git push "$authed_url" HEAD:main
+          fi
+
+      - name: Extract newest changelog section for release body
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          # Extract the first "## ..." section (newest section) from CHANGELOG.md
+          # Includes the "## ..." heading and everything until the next "## ..." heading.
+          awk '
+            /^## / { if (seen) exit; seen=1 }
+            seen { print }
+          ' CHANGELOG.md > RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+          # Clean trailing whitespace/newlines a bit
+          sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' RELEASE_NOTES.md
+
+          test -s RELEASE_NOTES.md
+          echo "---- RELEASE_NOTES.md ----"
+          head -n 60 RELEASE_NOTES.md
+          echo "--------------------------"
+
+      - name: Create export zip (Computing:Box Website.zip)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          if [ ! -d "export" ]; then
+            echo "❌ export/ folder not found in repo root"
+            ls -la
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          rm -f "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          (cd export && zip -r "../Computing:Box Website.zip" .)
+          test -s "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+          ls -lh "Computing:Box Website.zip"
+
+      - name: Prepare YY.MM.DD letter-suffix tag + release name
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          # Version: YY.MM.DD (UTC). Swap to `date +...` if you prefer UK-local runner time.
+          VERSION="$(date -u +'%y.%m.%d')"
+          PREFIX="v${VERSION}."
+
+          last_letter="$(
+            git tag --list "${PREFIX}[a-z]" \
+              | sed -E "s/^${PREFIX}([a-z])$/\1/" \
+              | sort \
+              | tail -n 1
+          )"
+
+          if [ -z "$last_letter" ]; then
+            next_letter="a"
+          else
+            if [ "$last_letter" = "z" ]; then
+              echo "❌ Already have v${VERSION}.z today. Refusing to create more than 26 releases/day."
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            next_letter="$(printf "%b" "$(printf '\\%03o' "$(( $(printf '%d' "'$last_letter") + 1 ))")")"
+          fi
+
+          TAG="${PREFIX}${next_letter}"
+          RELEASE_NAME="Computing:Box v${VERSION}.${next_letter}"
+
+          echo "TAG=$TAG" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "RELEASE_NAME=$RELEASE_NAME" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "ZIP_PATH=Computing:Box Website.zip" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          echo "Using tag: $TAG"
+          echo "Release name: $RELEASE_NAME"
+
+      - name: Create and push tag (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          git tag -f "$TAG"
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+
+          # Convert SSH origin to HTTPS if needed
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          authed_url="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E "s#^https://#https://oauth2:${CHANGELOG_PAT}@#")"
+          git push "$authed_url" "refs/tags/$TAG" --force
+
+      - name: Create Gitea release + upload asset (CHANGELOG_PAT)
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHANGELOG_PAT: ${{ secrets.CHANGELOG_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          set -e
+
+          origin_url="$(git remote get-url origin)"
+          if echo "$origin_url" | grep -q "^git@"; then
+            host="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@([^:]+):.*#\1#')"
+            path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#git@[^:]+:(.*)#\1#')"
+            origin_url="https://$host/$path"
+          fi
+
+          base="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#(https?://[^/]+)/.*#\1#')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$origin_url" | sed -E 's#https?://[^/]+/##')"
+          repo_path="$(echo "$repo_path" | sed -E 's/\.git$//')"
+
+          owner="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f1)"
+          repo="$(echo "$repo_path" | cut -d/ -f2-)"
+
+          api="$base/api/v1"
+
+          python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json, os
+          tag = os.environ["TAG"]
+          name = os.environ["RELEASE_NAME"]
+
+          with open("RELEASE_NOTES.md", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              body = f.read()
+
+          payload = {
+              "tag_name": tag,
+              "target_commitish": "main",
+              "name": name,
+              "body": body,   # newest section only
+              "draft": False,
+              "prerelease": False,
+          }
+
+          with open("release.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              json.dump(payload, f)
+          PY
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases" \
+            --data-binary @release.json \
+            -o release_response.json
+
+          release_id="$(python3 - <<'PY'
+          import json
+          with open("release_response.json","r",encoding="utf-8") as f:
+              data=json.load(f)
+          rid=data.get("id")
+          if not rid:
+              raise SystemExit("No release id returned. Response:\n" + json.dumps(data, indent=2))
+          print(rid)
+          PY
+          )"
+          echo "Created release id: $release_id"
+
+          curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${CHANGELOG_PAT}" \
+            "${api}/repos/${owner}/${repo}/releases/${release_id}/assets?name=Computing%3ABox%20Website.zip" \
+            -F "attachment=@${ZIP_PATH}" \
+            >/dev/null
+
+          echo "✅ Release created: ${RELEASE_NAME} (tag: ${TAG}) with asset uploaded"

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # build output
-dist/
+# dist/
 
 # generated types
 .astro/

dist/_astro/astro.CXuftnGC.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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dist/_astro/background.Mahwsfbs.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1440" height="1024" fill="none"><path fill="url(#a)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M-217.58 475.75c91.82-72.02 225.52-29.38 341.2-44.74C240 415.56 372.33 315.14 466.77 384.9c102.9 76.02 44.74 246.76 90.31 366.31 29.83 78.24 90.48 136.14 129.48 210.23 57.92 109.99 169.67 208.23 155.9 331.77-13.52 121.26-103.42 264.33-224.23 281.37-141.96 20.03-232.72-220.96-374.06-196.99-151.7 25.73-172.68 330.24-325.85 315.72-128.6-12.2-110.9-230.73-128.15-358.76-12.16-90.14 65.87-176.25 44.1-264.57-26.42-107.2-167.12-163.46-176.72-273.45-10.15-116.29 33.01-248.75 124.87-320.79Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="opacity:.154"/><path fill="url(#b)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1103.43 115.43c146.42-19.45 275.33-155.84 413.5-103.59 188.09 71.13 409 212.64 407.06 413.88-1.94 201.25-259.28 278.6-414.96 405.96-130 106.35-240.24 294.39-405.6 265.3-163.7-28.8-161.93-274.12-284.34-386.66-134.95-124.06-436-101.46-445.82-284.6-9.68-180.38 247.41-246.3 413.54-316.9 101.01-42.93 207.83 21.06 316.62 6.61Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="opacity:.154"/><defs><linearGradient id="b" x1="373" x2="1995.44" y1="1100" y2="118.03" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop stop-color="#D83333"/><stop offset="1" stop-color="#F041FF"/></linearGradient><linearGradient id="a" x1="107.37" x2="1130.66" y1="1993.35" y2="1026.31" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop stop-color="#3245FF"/><stop offset="1" stop-color="#BC52EE"/></linearGradient></defs></svg>

dist/binary/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Binary Simulator</title><style>:root{--nav-h: 108px;--bg: #1f2027;--text: #e8e8ee;--muted: #a9acb8;--line: rgba(255,255,255,.1)}body{margin:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text)}.siteNav[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:50;height:var(--nav-h);background:#0000001a;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);backdrop-filter:blur(8px)}.navInner[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{height:100%;max-width:1400px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px}.brand[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--text)}.brandLogo[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{width:2em;height:2em;image-rendering:pixelated}.brandName[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{letter-spacing:.12em;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:18px}.navLinks[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap}.navLinks[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa] a[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{color:var(--muted);text-decoration:none;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.navLinks[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa] a[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]:hover{color:var(--text)}.pageWrap[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{max-width:1400px;margin:0 auto}
+:root{--panel-w: 360px;--gap: 22px}.wrap{max-width:1400px;margin:0 auto;padding:26px 20px 48px;position:relative}.topGrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr var(--panel-w);gap:var(--gap);align-items:start}body.toolboxClosed .topGrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}body.toolboxClosed #toolboxPanel{display:none}.mainCol{min-width:0}.readout{text-align:center;margin-top:8px}.label{opacity:.8;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.num{display:inline-block;width:fit-content;max-width:100%;white-space:pre-line;letter-spacing:2px}.denaryValue{font-size:54px;margin:6px 0 10px}.binaryValue{font-size:56px;margin:4px 0 18px}.divider{height:1px;background:#ffffff1a;margin:14px auto 24px;max-width:900px}.bitsWrap{padding-top:6px}.bitsGrid{display:grid;gap:24px;justify-content:center}.bitsGrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(110px,1fr));max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto}.bitsGrid.bitsFew{justify-content:center}.bit{display:grid;justify-items:center;gap:8px}.bulb{font-size:32px;line-height:1;opacity:.45}.bitVal{font-size:22px;line-height:1.05;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}.switch{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:52px;height:28px}.switch input{display:none}.slider{position:absolute;inset:0;border-radius:999px;background:#ffffff2e;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14)}.slider:before{content:"";position:absolute;height:22px;width:22px;left:3px;top:2.5px;border-radius:999px;background:#fff;transition:transform .18s ease}.switch input:checked+.slider:before{transform:translate(22px)}.toolboxToggle{position:absolute;right:20px;top:18px;z-index:20;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:10px 14px;border-radius:12px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);background:#ffffff0f;color:#ffffffeb;cursor:pointer}.toolboxText{letter-spacing:.12em;font-weight:900}.panelCol{position:sticky;top:calc(var(--nav-h, 72px) + 18px);align-self:start;display:grid;gap:16px}.card{border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);border-radius:16px;background:#ffffff0d;padding:14px}.cardTitle{opacity:.8;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;margin-bottom:10px}.hint{opacity:.7;font-size:11px;margin-top:10px;line-height:1.35}.toggleRow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;gap:10px;align-items:center}.toggleLabel{font-size:12px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;white-space:nowrap}.subCard{margin-top:12px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1);border-radius:14px;background:#0000001f;padding:12px}.subTitle{opacity:.8;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:11px;margin-bottom:10px}.bitWidthRow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr 44px;gap:10px;align-items:center}.bitInputWrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;gap:10px;align-items:center;padding:10px 12px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1);border-radius:12px;background:#ffffff0a}.bitInputLabel{opacity:.75;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:11px;white-space:nowrap}.bitInput{width:100%;min-width:0;background:transparent;border:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-size:20px;text-align:right}.miniBtn{height:44px;border-radius:12px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);background:#ffffff0f;color:#ffffffe6;font-size:18px;cursor:pointer}.controlsRow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:10px;margin-bottom:10px}.btn{border-radius:12px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);background:#ffffff0f;color:#ffffffeb;padding:12px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer}.btnWide{width:100%}.btnAccent{background:#00ff8c1f;border-color:#00ff8c38}.toolRowCentered{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:12px;margin:10px 0 12px}.toolBtn{width:56px;height:56px;border-radius:14px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);background:#ffffff0f;color:#ffffffeb;font-size:18px;cursor:pointer}.toolDec{background:#ff000024;border-color:#f003}.toolInc{background:#00ff8c24;border-color:#00ff8c33}.toolRow2{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px}.btnReset{color:#ffffffeb}
+</style></head> <body data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <header class="siteNav" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <div class="navInner" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <a class="brand" href="/" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <span class="brandName" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>COMPUTING:BOX</span> </a> <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <a href="/about" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>ABOUT</a> <a href="/binary" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>BINARY</a> <a href="/hexadecimal" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>HEXADECIMAL</a> <a href="/hex-colours" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>HEX COLOURS</a> <a href="/logic-gates" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>LOGIC GATES</a> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="pageWrap" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>  <button id="toolboxToggle" class="toolboxToggle" type="button" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span> <span class="toolboxLabel">TOOLBOX</span> </button> <main class="wrap"> <section class="topGrid"> <!-- LEFT --> <div> <div class="readout"> <div class="label">Denary</div> <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div> <div class="label">Binary</div> <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">0000 0000</div> </div> <div class="divider"></div> <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Bit switches"> <div class="bitsGrid" id="bitsGrid"></div> </section> </div> <!-- RIGHT TOOLBOX --> <aside id="toolbox" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox"> <!-- SETTINGS --> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div> <div class="toggleRow"> <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblUnsigned">Unsigned</div> <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle mode"> <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox"> <span class="slider"></span> </label> <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblTwos">Two&rsquo;s complement</div> </div> <div class="hint" id="modeHint">
+Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.
+</div> <div class="subCard"> <div class="subTitle">Bit width</div> <div class="bitWidthRow"> <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button> <div class="bitInputWrap"> <div class="bitInputLabel">Bits</div> <input id="bitsInput" class="bitInput" type="number" inputmode="numeric" min="1" max="64" step="1" value="8" aria-label="Number of bits"> </div> <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- CUSTOM --> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Custom</div> <div class="twoBtnRow"> <button class="btn btnAccent" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button> <button class="btn btnAccent" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button> </div> <button class="toolBtn toolWide toolRandom" id="btnRandom" type="button">
+Random
+</button> <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div> </div> <!-- TOOLS --> <div class="card"> <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div> <div class="toolsTopRow"> <button class="toolBtn toolArrow toolDown" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button> <button class="toolBtn toolArrow toolUp" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button> </div> <div class="twoBtnRow"> <button class="btn" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button> <button class="btn" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button> </div> <button class="toolBtn toolWide toolReset" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button> </div> </aside> </section> </main> <script type="module" src="/src/scripts/binary.js"></script>  </main> </body></html>

dist/hexadecimal/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Hexadecimal | Computing:Box</title><style>:root{--nav-h: 108px;--bg: #1f2027;--text: #e8e8ee;--muted: #a9acb8;--line: rgba(255,255,255,.1)}body{margin:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text)}.siteNav[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:50;height:var(--nav-h);background:#0000001a;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);backdrop-filter:blur(8px)}.navInner[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{height:100%;max-width:1400px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px}.brand[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--text)}.brandLogo[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{width:2em;height:2em;image-rendering:pixelated}.brandName[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{letter-spacing:.12em;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:18px}.navLinks[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap}.navLinks[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa] a[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{color:var(--muted);text-decoration:none;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.navLinks[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa] a[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]:hover{color:var(--text)}.pageWrap[data-astro-cid-37fxchfa]{max-width:1400px;margin:0 auto}
+</style>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/hexadecimal.C_Opoo6d.css"></head> <body data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <header class="siteNav" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <div class="navInner" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <a class="brand" href="/" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <span class="brandName" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>COMPUTING:BOX</span> </a> <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa> <a href="/about" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>ABOUT</a> <a href="/binary" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>BINARY</a> <a href="/hexadecimal" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>HEXADECIMAL</a> <a href="/hex-colours" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>HEX COLOURS</a> <a href="/logic-gates" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>LOGIC GATES</a> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="pageWrap" data-astro-cid-37fxchfa>  <section class="hex-sim" data-hex-sim> <div class="hex-main"> <div class="hex-readout"> <div class="hex-label">DENARY</div> <div class="hex-number" data-out="denary">0</div> <div class="hex-label hex-mt">HEXADECIMAL</div> <div class="hex-number hex-number--small" data-out="hex">00</div> <div class="hex-label hex-mt">BINARY</div> <div class="hex-number hex-number--tiny" data-out="bin">0000 0000</div> </div> <div class="hex-divider"></div> <div class="hex-digits" data-out="digitsRow"></div> </div> <!-- Toolbox button --> <button class="hex-toolbox-btn" type="button" data-action="toggleToolbox" aria-controls="hex-toolbox" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="hex-toolbox-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <!-- toolbox icon --> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="18" height="18" fill="none"> <path d="M9 7V6a3 3 0 0 1 6 0v1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"></path> <path d="M4 9h16l-1.3 10.4A2 2 0 0 1 16.7 21H7.3a2 2 0 0 1-1.98-1.6L4 9Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round"></path> <path d="M10 13h4" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"></path> </svg> </span>
+TOOLBOX
+</button> <!-- Toolbox panel --> <aside class="hex-toolbox is-open" id="hex-toolbox" data-out="toolbox"> <div class="hex-panel"> <div class="hex-panel-title">SETTINGS</div> <div class="hex-setting-title">HEX DIGIT WIDTH</div> <div class="hex-width"> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsMinus">−</button> <div class="hex-width-readout"> <div class="hex-width-label">DIGITS</div> <div class="hex-width-number" data-out="digitsCount">2</div> </div> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsPlus">+</button> </div> <div class="hex-hint" data-out="bitsHint">= 8 bits</div> </div> <div class="hex-panel"> <div class="hex-panel-title">CUSTOM NUMBER</div> <div class="hex-grid-2"> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customHex">Custom Hexadecimal</button> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customDenary">Custom Denary</button> </div> <!-- Custom Binary + Random on SAME row, same size --> <div class="hex-grid-2 hex-mt-sm"> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customBinary">Custom Binary</button> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--random" type="button" data-action="random" data-random>Random</button> </div> <div class="hex-tiny-note">RANDOM RUNS BRIEFLY THEN STOPS AUTOMATICALLY.</div> </div> <div class="hex-panel"> <div class="hex-panel-title">TOOLS</div> <div class="hex-tools-top"> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="decrement" title="Decrement">▼</button> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="increment" title="Increment">▲</button> </div> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--reset" type="button" data-action="reset">Reset</button> </div> </aside> <!-- Custom number dialog --> <dialog class="hex-dialog" data-out="dialog"> <div class="hex-dialog-card"> <div class="hex-dialog-title" data-out="dialogTitle">Custom</div> <input class="hex-dialog-input hex-font-mono" data-out="dialogInput"> <div class="hex-dialog-hint" data-out="dialogHint"></div> <div class="hex-dialog-error" data-out="dialogError" aria-live="polite"></div> <div class="hex-dialog-actions"> <button class="hex-btn" type="button" data-action="dialogCancel">Cancel</button> <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="dialogApply">Apply</button> </div> </div> </dialog> <script type="module" src="/src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts"></script> </section>  </main> </body></html>

dist/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg"><meta name="generator" content="Astro v5.16.6"><title>Astro Basics</title><style>#background[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:-1;filter:blur(100px)}#container[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{font-family:Inter,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial Nova,Nimbus Sans,Arial,sans-serif;height:100%}main[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}#hero[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;align-items:start;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:16px}h1[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{font-size:22px;margin-top:.25em}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;gap:16px}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:10px 12px;color:#111827;text-decoration:none;transition:color .2s}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]:hover{color:#4e5056}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] svg[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{height:1em;margin-left:8px}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs].button{color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(83.21deg,#3245ff,#bc52ee);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ffffff1f,inset 0 -2px #0000003d;border-radius:10px}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs].button:hover{color:#e6e6e6;box-shadow:none}pre[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{font-family:ui-monospace,Cascadia Code,Source Code Pro,Menlo,Consolas,DejaVu Sans Mono,monospace;font-weight:400;background:linear-gradient(14deg,#d83333,#f041ff);-webkit-background-clip:text;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;background-clip:text;margin:0}h2[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{margin:0 0 1em;font-weight:400;color:#111827;font-size:20px}p[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{color:#4b5563;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:-.006em;margin:0}code[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:inline-block;background:linear-gradient(66.77deg,#f3cddd,#f5cee7) padding-box,linear-gradient(155deg,#d83333,#f041ff 18%,#f5cee7 45%) border-box;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid transparent;padding:6px 8px}.box[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{padding:16px;background:#fff;border-radius:16px;border:1px solid white}#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{position:absolute;bottom:16px;right:16px;max-width:300px;text-decoration:none;transition:background .2s;backdrop-filter:blur(50px)}#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]:hover{background:#ffffff8c}@media screen and (max-height:368px){#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:none}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){#container[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#hero[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{display:block;padding-top:10%}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{flex-wrap:wrap}#links[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs] a[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs].button{padding:14px 18px}#news[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{right:16px;left:16px;bottom:2.5rem;max-width:100%}h1[data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs]{line-height:1.5}}html,body{margin:0;width:100%;height:100%}
+</style></head> <body data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>  <div id="container" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <img id="background" src="/_astro/background.Mahwsfbs.svg" alt="" fetchpriority="high" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <main data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <section id="hero" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <a href="https://astro.build" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><img src="/_astro/astro.CXuftnGC.svg" width="115" height="48" alt="Astro Homepage" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs></a> <h1 data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>
+To get started, open the <code data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><pre data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>src/pages</pre></code> directory in your project.
+</h1> <section id="links" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <a class="button" href="https://docs.astro.build" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>Read our docs</a> <a href="https://astro.build/chat" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>Join our Discord <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 127.14 96.36" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><path fill="currentColor" d="M107.7 8.07A105.15 105.15 0 0 0 81.47 0a72.06 72.06 0 0 0-3.36 6.83 97.68 97.68 0 0 0-29.11 0A72.37 72.37 0 0 0 45.64 0a105.89 105.89 0 0 0-26.25 8.09C2.79 32.65-1.71 56.6.54 80.21a105.73 105.73 0 0 0 32.17 16.15 77.7 77.7 0 0 0 6.89-11.11 68.42 68.42 0 0 1-10.85-5.18c.91-.66 1.8-1.34 2.66-2a75.57 75.57 0 0 0 64.32 0c.87.71 1.76 1.39 2.66 2a68.68 68.68 0 0 1-10.87 5.19 77 77 0 0 0 6.89 11.1 105.25 105.25 0 0 0 32.19-16.14c2.64-27.38-4.51-51.11-18.9-72.15ZM42.45 65.69C36.18 65.69 31 60 31 53s5-12.74 11.43-12.74S54 46 53.89 53s-5.05 12.69-11.44 12.69Zm42.24 0C78.41 65.69 73.25 60 73.25 53s5-12.74 11.44-12.74S96.23 46 96.12 53s-5.04 12.69-11.43 12.69Z" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs></path></svg> </a> </section> </section> </main> <a href="https://astro.build/blog/astro-5/" id="news" class="box" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs> <svg width="32" height="32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs><path d="M24.667 12c1.333 1.414 2 3.192 2 5.334 0 4.62-4.934 5.7-7.334 12C18.444 28.567 18 27.456 18 26c0-4.642 6.667-7.053 6.667-14Zm-5.334-5.333c1.6 1.65 2.4 3.43 2.4 5.333 0 6.602-8.06 7.59-6.4 17.334C13.111 27.787 12 25.564 12 22.666c0-4.434 7.333-8 7.333-16Zm-6-5.333C15.111 3.555 16 5.556 16 7.333c0 8.333-11.333 10.962-5.333 22-3.488-.774-6-4-6-8 0-8.667 8.666-10 8.666-20Z" fill="#111827" data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs></path></svg> <h2 data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>What's New in Astro 5.0?</h2> <p data-astro-cid-mmc7otgs>
+From content layers to server islands, click to learn more about the new features and
+			improvements in Astro 5.0
+</p> </a> </div>   </body></html>

package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
-  "name": "computing-box",
+  "name": "Computing:Box",
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "0.0.1",
+  "version": "2.0.0 Alpha",
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "astro dev",
     "build": "astro build",

public/css/tools/binary.css

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-/* ---------- DSEG7 font ---------- */
-/* Put your font file here:
-   public/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff2
-*/
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular";
-  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff2") format("woff2");
-  font-display: swap;
-}
-
-/* ---------- Layout ---------- */
-.tool-shell {
-  min-height: 100vh;
-  display: grid;
-  place-items: center;
-  padding: 1rem;
-  background: #0b0f14;
-  color: #e7eaf0;
-  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
-}
-
-.tool-card {
-  width: min(1100px, 100%);
-  background: #111824;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-  border-radius: 18px;
-  padding: 1rem;
-}
-
-.tool-header h1 { margin: 0 0 .25rem 0; font-size: 1.4rem; }
-.tool-header p { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; opacity: .85; }
-
-.display-grid {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
-  gap: .75rem;
-  margin-bottom: .75rem;
-}
-
-.display-box {
-  background: #0b0f14;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-  border-radius: 14px;
-  padding: .75rem;
-}
-
-.display-label { font-size: .9rem; opacity: .8; margin-bottom: .25rem; }
-
-.sevenseg {
-  font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular", monospace;
-  font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.2rem);
-  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
-  line-height: 1.1;
-}
-
-/* Buttons under denary/binary (your request) */
-.actions {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  gap: .5rem;
-  margin-bottom: 1rem;
-}
-
-/* ---------- Simple MD3-ish buttons ---------- */
-.md3-btn {
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.16);
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
-  color: #e7eaf0;
-  padding: .6rem .9rem;
-  border-radius: 999px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  font-weight: 600;
-}
-.md3-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
-.md3-btn--tonal { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
-
-/* ---------- Switches row ---------- */
-.switch-row {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(8, minmax(90px, 1fr));
-  gap: .75rem;
-}
-
-.switch-col {
-  display: grid;
-  justify-items: center;
-  gap: .35rem;
-}
-
-.bit-label { opacity: .85; font-weight: 600; }
-
-/* ---------- “Light switch” rocker ---------- */
-.rocker {
-  position: relative;
-  width: 70px;
-  height: 46px;
-  display: inline-block;
-  user-select: none;
-}
-
-.rocker input {
-  opacity: 0;
-  width: 0;
-  height: 0;
-}
-
-.rocker-body {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: 0;
-  border-radius: 12px;
-  background: #1a2331;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
-  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
-}
-
-/* the “toggle” */
-.rocker-body::after {
-  content: "";
-  position: absolute;
-  left: 6px;
-  top: 6px;
-  width: 58px;
-  height: 18px;
-  border-radius: 10px;
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.20);
-  transition: transform 180ms ease, background 180ms ease;
-}
-
-/* ON position */
-.rocker input:checked + .rocker-body::after {
-  transform: translateY(16px);
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.55);
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 900px) {
-  .switch-row { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(90px, 1fr)); }
-}

public/favicon.svg

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 128 128">
-    <path d="M50.4 78.5a75.1 75.1 0 0 0-28.5 6.9l24.2-65.7c.7-2 1.9-3.2 3.4-3.2h29c1.5 0 2.7 1.2 3.4 3.2l24.2 65.7s-11.6-7-28.5-7L67 45.5c-.4-1.7-1.6-2.8-2.9-2.8-1.3 0-2.5 1.1-2.9 2.7L50.4 78.5Zm-1.1 28.2Zm-4.2-20.2c-2 6.6-.6 15.8 4.2 20.2a17.5 17.5 0 0 1 .2-.7 5.5 5.5 0 0 1 5.7-4.5c2.8.1 4.3 1.5 4.7 4.7.2 1.1.2 2.3.2 3.5v.4c0 2.7.7 5.2 2.2 7.4a13 13 0 0 0 5.7 4.9v-.3l-.2-.3c-1.8-5.6-.5-9.5 4.4-12.8l1.5-1a73 73 0 0 0 3.2-2.2 16 16 0 0 0 6.8-11.4c.3-2 .1-4-.6-6l-.8.6-1.6 1a37 37 0 0 1-22.4 2.7c-5-.7-9.7-2-13.2-6.2Z" />
-    <style>
-        path { fill: #000; }
-        @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
-            path { fill: #FFF; }
-        }
-    </style>
-</svg>

public/js/binary/unsigned-binary.js

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-// Browser-only script. Safe because it's loaded via <script> (not server-imported).
-
-const BIT_COUNT = 8; // unsigned page = 8 bits
-const bitValues = [128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1];
-
-const elDenary = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
-const elBinary = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
-const elSwitches = document.getElementById("bitSwitches");
-
-const btnCustomDenary = document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary");
-const btnCustomBinary = document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary");
-const btnReset = document.getElementById("btnReset");
-
-let bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
-
-function renderSwitches() {
-  elSwitches.innerHTML = "";
-
-  bitValues.forEach((value, index) => {
-    const id = `bit-${value}`;
-
-    const wrapper = document.createElement("div");
-    wrapper.className = "switch-col";
-
-    const labelTop = document.createElement("div");
-    labelTop.className = "bit-label";
-    labelTop.textContent = value;
-
-    const label = document.createElement("label");
-    label.className = "rocker";
-    label.setAttribute("for", id);
-
-    const input = document.createElement("input");
-    input.type = "checkbox";
-    input.id = id;
-    input.checked = bits[index];
-
-    input.addEventListener("change", () => {
-      bits[index] = input.checked;
-      updateNumbers();
-    });
-
-    const span = document.createElement("span");
-    span.className = "rocker-body";
-    span.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
-
-    label.appendChild(input);
-    label.appendChild(span);
-
-    wrapper.appendChild(labelTop);
-    wrapper.appendChild(label);
-
-    elSwitches.appendChild(wrapper);
-  });
-}
-
-function updateNumbers() {
-  const binary = bits.map(b => (b ? "1" : "0")).join("");
-  const denary = bits.reduce((acc, b, i) => acc + (b ? bitValues[i] : 0), 0);
-
-  elBinary.textContent = binary;
-  elDenary.textContent = denary.toString();
-}
-
-function resetAll() {
-  bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
-  renderSwitches();
-  updateNumbers();
-}
-
-function requestCustomDenary() {
-  let input = prompt(`Enter a denary number (0 to 255):`);
-  if (input === null) return;
-
-  const n = Number.parseInt(input, 10);
-  if (Number.isNaN(n) || n < 0 || n > 255) {
-    alert("Invalid input. Enter a number from 0 to 255.");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  let remaining = n;
-  bits = bitValues.map(v => {
-    if (remaining >= v) {
-      remaining -= v;
-      return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-  });
-
-  renderSwitches();
-  updateNumbers();
-}
-
-function requestCustomBinary() {
-  let input = prompt(`Enter an ${BIT_COUNT}-bit binary number (e.g. 01010101):`);
-  if (input === null) return;
-
-  input = input.trim();
-  const re = new RegExp(`^[01]{${BIT_COUNT}}$`);
-  if (!re.test(input)) {
-    alert(`Invalid input. Enter exactly ${BIT_COUNT} digits using only 0 or 1.`);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  bits = input.split("").map(c => c === "1");
-  renderSwitches();
-  updateNumbers();
-}
-
-btnCustomDenary?.addEventListener("click", requestCustomDenary);
-btnCustomBinary?.addEventListener("click", requestCustomBinary);
-btnReset?.addEventListener("click", resetAll);
-
-renderSwitches();
-updateNumbers();

public/js/tools/unsigned-binary.js

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-// public/js/tools/unsigned-binary.js
-// Lightweight: no frameworks. Works on weak devices.
-const BIT_COUNT = 8;
-const MAX_DENARY = 255;
-let bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
-function bitsToBinaryString(){
- return bits.map(b => (b ? "1" : "0")).join("");
-}
-function bitsToDenary(){
- // MSB on the left: 128..1
- const weights = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
- return bits.reduce((acc, b, i) => acc + (b ? weights[i] : 0), 0);
-}
-function render(){
- const grid = document.getElementById("bitGrid");
- grid.innerHTML = "";
- const weights = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
- bits.forEach((on, i) => {
- const btn = document.createElement("button");
- btn.type = "button";
- btn.className = "btn";
- btn.style.width = "100%";
- btn.style.justifyContent = "space-between";
- btn.setAttribute("aria-pressed", on ? "true" : "false");
- btn.innerHTML = `<span>${weights[i]}</span><b>${on ? "1" : "0"}</b>`;
- btn.addEventListener("click", () => {
- bits[i] = !bits[i];
- update();
- });
- grid.appendChild(btn);
- });
-}
-function update(){
- document.getElementById("binaryNumber").innerText = bitsToBinaryString();
- document.getElementById("denaryNumber").innerText = bitsToDenary();
- render();
-}
-function requestBinary(){
- let v;
- do{
- v = prompt("Enter an 8-bit binary value (8 digits, only 0 or 1):", bitsToBinaryString());
- if(v === null) return;
- v = v.trim();
- }while(!/^[01]{8}$/.test(v));
- bits = v.split("").map(ch => ch === "1");
- update();
-}
-function requestDenary(){
- let v;
- do{
- v = prompt("Enter a denary value (0 to 255):", String(bitsToDenary()));
- if(v === null) return;
- v = Number(v);
- }while(!Number.isInteger(v) || v < 0 || v > MAX_DENARY);
- // set bits from MSB to LSB
- const weights = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
- bits = weights.map(w => {
- if(v >= w){ v -= w; return true; }
- return false;
- });
- update();
-}
-function reset(){
- bits = new Array(BIT_COUNT).fill(false);
- update();
-}
-document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => {
- document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary")?.addEventListener("click", requestBinary);
- document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary")?.addEventListener("click", requestDenary);
- document.getElementById("btnReset")?.addEventListener("click", reset);
- update();
-});

public/styles.css

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-/* src/styles/md3-tokens.css */
-/* MD3-inspired tokens tuned for education: high readability, clear contrast, calm surfaces */
-:root{
- /* Typography */
- --font-sans: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
- --font-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;
- /* Spacing + shape */
- --radius-1: 10px;
- --radius-2: 16px;
- --radius-3: 22px;
- --shadow-1: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.08), 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.06);
- /* Color roles (keep simple) */
- --md-surface: #ffffff;
- --md-surface-2: #f6f7fb;
- --md-on-surface: #111318;
- --md-primary: #2f6fed; /* calm blue */
- --md-on-primary: #ffffff;
- --md-secondary: #5a5f72; /* muted */
- --md-on-secondary: #ffffff;
- --md-tertiary: #0f766e; /* teal for "practical" tools */
- --md-on-tertiary: #ffffff;
- --md-outline: #d7dbe7;
- --md-success: #1a7f37;
- --md-warning: #b54708;
- --md-danger: #b42318;
- /* Focus ring for accessibility */
- --md-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(47,111,237,.28);
-}
-@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){
- :root{
- --md-surface: #0b0e14;
- --md-surface-2: #121725;
- --md-on-surface: #e8eaf2;
- --md-primary: #9bb6ff;
- --md-on-primary: #0b0e14;
- --md-secondary: #b8bccd;
- --md-on-secondary: #0b0e14;
- --md-tertiary: #4fd1c5;
- --md-on-tertiary: #0b0e14;
- --md-outline: #2b3244;
- --md-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(155,182,255,.25);
- }
-}
-
-/* src/styles/base.css */
-@import "./md3-tokens.css";
-html, body{ height:100%; }
-body{
- margin:0;
- font-family: var(--font-sans);
- background: var(--md-surface-2);
- color: var(--md-on-surface);
-}
-a{ color: var(--md-primary); text-decoration: none; }
-a:hover{ text-decoration: underline; }
-.container{
- max-width: 1100px;
- margin: 0 auto;
- padding: 16px;
-}
-.card{
- background: var(--md-surface);
- border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
- border-radius: var(--radius-2);
- box-shadow: var(--shadow-1);
- padding: 16px;
-}
-.btn{
- display:inline-flex;
- gap:8px;
- align-items:center;
- justify-content:center;
- border-radius: 999px;
- border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
- background: var(--md-surface);
- color: var(--md-on-surface);
- padding: 10px 14px;
- font-weight: 600;
- cursor: pointer;
-}
-.btn:hover{ filter: brightness(0.98); }
-.btn:focus{ outline:none; box-shadow: var(--md-focus); }
-.btn-primary{
- background: var(--md-primary);
- color: var(--md-on-primary);
- border-color: transparent;
-}
-.badge{
- display:inline-block;
- padding: 2px 10px;
- border-radius: 999px;
- font-size: 12px;
- border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
- background: var(--md-surface-2);
-}
-code, pre{ font-family: var(--font-mono); }

src/components/simulators/HexSimulator.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+---
+import "./hex/hex-simulator.css";
+---
+
+<section class="hex-sim" data-hex-sim>
+  <div class="hex-main">
+    <div class="hex-readout">
+      <div class="hex-label">DENARY</div>
+      <div class="hex-number" data-out="denary">0</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-label hex-mt">HEXADECIMAL</div>
+      <div class="hex-number hex-number--small" data-out="hex">00</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-label hex-mt">BINARY</div>
+      <div class="hex-number hex-number--tiny" data-out="bin">0000 0000</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-divider"></div>
+
+    <div class="hex-digits" data-out="digitsRow"></div>
+  </div>
+
+  <!-- Toolbox button -->
+  <button class="hex-toolbox-btn" type="button" data-action="toggleToolbox" aria-controls="hex-toolbox" aria-expanded="true">
+    <span class="hex-toolbox-icon" aria-hidden="true">
+      <!-- toolbox icon -->
+      <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="18" height="18" fill="none">
+        <path d="M9 7V6a3 3 0 0 1 6 0v1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+        <path d="M4 9h16l-1.3 10.4A2 2 0 0 1 16.7 21H7.3a2 2 0 0 1-1.98-1.6L4 9Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+        <path d="M10 13h4" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+      </svg>
+    </span>
+    TOOLBOX
+  </button>
+
+  <!-- Toolbox panel -->
+  <aside class="hex-toolbox is-open" id="hex-toolbox" data-out="toolbox">
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">SETTINGS</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-setting-title">HEX DIGIT WIDTH</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-width">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsMinus">−</button>
+
+        <div class="hex-width-readout">
+          <div class="hex-width-label">DIGITS</div>
+          <div class="hex-width-number" data-out="digitsCount">2</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsPlus">+</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-hint" data-out="bitsHint">= 8 bits</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">CUSTOM NUMBER</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-grid-2">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customHex">Custom Hexadecimal</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customDenary">Custom Denary</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Custom Binary + Random on SAME row, same size -->
+      <div class="hex-grid-2 hex-mt-sm">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customBinary">Custom Binary</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--random" type="button" data-action="random" data-random>Random</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-tiny-note">RANDOM RUNS BRIEFLY THEN STOPS AUTOMATICALLY.</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">TOOLS</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-tools-top">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="decrement" title="Decrement">▼</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="increment" title="Increment">▲</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--reset" type="button" data-action="reset">Reset</button>
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+
+  <!-- Custom number dialog -->
+  <dialog class="hex-dialog" data-out="dialog">
+    <div class="hex-dialog-card">
+      <div class="hex-dialog-title" data-out="dialogTitle">Custom</div>
+
+      <input class="hex-dialog-input hex-font-mono" data-out="dialogInput" />
+
+      <div class="hex-dialog-hint" data-out="dialogHint"></div>
+      <div class="hex-dialog-error" data-out="dialogError" aria-live="polite"></div>
+
+      <div class="hex-dialog-actions">
+        <button class="hex-btn" type="button" data-action="dialogCancel">Cancel</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="dialogApply">Apply</button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </dialog>
+
+  <script type="module" src="/src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts"></script>
+</section>

src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.css

@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/* ================= Fonts to match Binary ================= */
+/* Adjust paths to wherever you store fonts (commonly /public/fonts/...) */
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic";
+  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff") format("woff"),
+       url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment";
+  src: url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff2") format("woff2"),
+       url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff") format("woff");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+
+.hex-sim {
+  min-height: 100vh;
+  background: #14151c;
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  padding: 28px;
+}
+
+.hex-font-number { font-family: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, monospace; }
+.hex-font-mono   { font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace; }
+
+.hex-main { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; width: 100%; padding-top: 40px; }
+
+.hex-readout { text-align: center; }
+.hex-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+.hex-mt { margin-top: 12px; }
+
+.hex-number {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 76px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  color: #46ff8a;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.18);
+}
+.hex-number--small { font-size: 64px; }
+.hex-number--tiny  { font-size: 54px; letter-spacing: 6px; }
+
+.hex-divider {
+  margin: 26px auto 18px;
+  height: 1px;
+  width: min(760px, 90%);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+}
+
+/* ================= Main digit columns ================= */
+.hex-digits {
+  margin-top: 18px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 18px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-col {
+  width: 160px;
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 12px;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 10px;
+  justify-items: center;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-controls {
+  width: 100%;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-char {
+  font-size: 64px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  color: #46ff8a;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.18);
+}
+
+.hex-digit-place {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+}
+
+/* ================= Bulbs (brightness changes) ================= */
+.hex-bulbs {
+  width: 100%;
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: end;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb {
+  display: grid;
+  justify-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  opacity: 0.35;
+  filter: grayscale(30%);
+  transition: opacity 160ms ease, filter 160ms ease;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-cap {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.22);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-glow {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 10px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: rgba(70,255,138,0.0);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(70,255,138,0.0);
+  transition: background 160ms ease, box-shadow 160ms ease;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  opacity: 0.8;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb.is-on {
+  opacity: 1;
+  filter: none;
+}
+.hex-bulb.is-on .hex-bulb-cap {
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.35);
+}
+.hex-bulb.is-on .hex-bulb-glow {
+  background: rgba(70,255,138,0.25);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.35);
+}
+
+/* ================= Buttons (toolbox style reused everywhere) ================= */
+.hex-btn {
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, sans-serif;
+}
+.hex-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
+
+.hex-btn--square {
+  width: 48px;
+  height: 48px;
+  padding: 0;
+  display: grid;
+  place-items: center;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+
+.hex-btn--wide { width: 100%; }
+
+.hex-btn--green {
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(46,200,120,0.35);
+}
+.hex-btn--green:hover { background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.26); }
+
+.hex-btn--green2 {
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(46,200,120,0.35);
+}
+
+.hex-btn--red {
+  background: rgba(220, 60, 70, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(220,60,70,0.35);
+}
+
+/* Random = green pulse while running */
+.hex-btn--random.is-running {
+  border-color: rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.55);
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.22);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.35);
+  animation: hexPulseGreen 900ms ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes hexPulseGreen {
+  0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 14px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.25); }
+  50% { box-shadow: 0 0 26px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.45); }
+}
+
+/* Reset = red background + pulse on hover */
+.hex-btn--reset:hover {
+  background: rgba(220, 60, 70, 0.28);
+  border-color: rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.55);
+  animation: hexPulseRed 900ms ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes hexPulseRed {
+  0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 12px rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.20); }
+  50% { box-shadow: 0 0 22px rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.38); }
+}
+
+/* ================= Toolbox button + panel (slide) ================= */
+.hex-toolbox-btn {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 88px;
+  right: 28px;
+  z-index: 30;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.hex-toolbox-icon {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  color: #ff4fa6;
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 10px rgba(255,79,166,0.35));
+}
+
+.hex-toolbox {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 140px;
+  right: 28px;
+  width: 340px;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 14px;
+  z-index: 25;
+
+  transform: translateX(0);
+  opacity: 1;
+  transition: transform 220ms ease, opacity 220ms ease;
+}
+.hex-toolbox:not(.is-open) {
+  transform: translateX(380px);
+  opacity: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.hex-panel {
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.04);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 14px;
+}
+.hex-panel-title {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.hex-setting-title { font-weight: 900; opacity: 0.9; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+
+.hex-width {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr 48px;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+.hex-width-readout {
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.22);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: baseline;
+}
+.hex-width-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+.hex-width-number { font-size: 30px; font-weight: 900; color: #46ff8a; }
+
+.hex-hint { margin-top: 8px; opacity: 0.65; font-size: 12px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+.hex-grid-2 { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 10px; }
+.hex-mt-sm { margin-top: 10px; }
+
+.hex-tools-top { display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+.hex-tiny-note { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 11px; opacity: 0.6; letter-spacing: 1px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+/* ================= Dialog ================= */
+.hex-dialog { border: none; padding: 0; background: transparent; }
+.hex-dialog::backdrop { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.55); }
+
+.hex-dialog-card {
+  width: min(560px, 92vw);
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: #1a1b24;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12);
+  padding: 16px;
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+}
+
+.hex-dialog-title { font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+.hex-dialog-input {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.25);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+
+.hex-dialog-hint { margin-top: 10px; opacity: 0.7; font-size: 13px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+.hex-dialog-error { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 13px; color: #ff6b6b; min-height: 18px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+.hex-dialog-actions { margin-top: 14px; display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: flex-end; }
+
+@media (max-width: 900px) {
+  .hex-toolbox { width: min(360px, 92vw); right: 16px; }
+  .hex-toolbox-btn { right: 16px; }
+  .hex-number { font-size: 60px; }
+  .hex-number--tiny { font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: 4px; }
+}

src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+type DialogMode = "hex" | "den" | "bin";
+
+const root = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>("[data-hex-sim]");
+if (!root) throw new Error("Hex simulator root not found");
+
+const outDen = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="denary"]')!;
+const outHex = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="hex"]')!;
+const outBin = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="bin"]')!;
+const outDigitsRow = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="digitsRow"]')!;
+
+const toolbox = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="toolbox"]')!;
+const toolboxBtn = root.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="toggleToolbox"]')!;
+const digitsCount = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="digitsCount"]')!;
+const bitsHint = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="bitsHint"]')!;
+const randomBtn = root.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-random]")!;
+
+const dialog = root.querySelector<HTMLDialogElement>('[data-out="dialog"]')!;
+const dialogTitle = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogTitle"]')!;
+const dialogInput = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('[data-out="dialogInput"]')!;
+const dialogHint = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogHint"]')!;
+const dialogError = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogError"]')!;
+
+let digits = 2;        // 1..8
+let value = 0;         // unsigned denary
+let randomTimer: number | null = null;
+let dialogMode: DialogMode | null = null;
+
+const clamp = (n: number, min: number, max: number) => Math.min(max, Math.max(min, n));
+const maxForDigits = (d: number) => (16 ** d) - 1;
+
+const padHex = (n: number, d: number) => n.toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(d, "0");
+const padBin = (n: number, b: number) => n.toString(2).padStart(b, "0");
+const groupBin = (b: string) => b.replace(/(.{4})/g, "$1 ").trim();
+
+function stopRandom(): void {
+  if (randomTimer !== null) window.clearInterval(randomTimer);
+  randomTimer = null;
+  randomBtn.classList.remove("is-running");
+}
+
+function startRandom(): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  const max = maxForDigits(digits);
+  const start = Date.now();
+
+  randomBtn.classList.add("is-running");
+
+  randomTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
+    value = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max + 1));
+    render();
+    if (Date.now() - start > 1600) stopRandom();
+  }, 90);
+}
+
+function render(): void {
+  const bits = digits * 4;
+
+  digitsCount.textContent = String(digits);
+  bitsHint.textContent = `= ${bits} bits`;
+
+  outDen.textContent = String(value);
+  outHex.textContent = padHex(value, digits);
+  outBin.textContent = groupBin(padBin(value, bits));
+
+  renderDigitsRow();
+}
+
+function renderDigitsRow(): void {
+  const hex = padHex(value, digits);
+  outDigitsRow.innerHTML = "";
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < digits; i++) {
+    const pow = digits - 1 - i;
+    const placeValue = 16 ** pow;
+
+    const digitChar = hex[i];
+    const digitVal = parseInt(digitChar, 16);
+    const nibbleBits = [(digitVal >> 3) & 1, (digitVal >> 2) & 1, (digitVal >> 1) & 1, digitVal & 1]; // 8 4 2 1
+
+    const col = document.createElement("div");
+    col.className = "hex-digit-col";
+    col.innerHTML = `
+      <div class="hex-digit-controls">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="digitUp" data-i="${i}" title="Increase">▲</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="digitDown" data-i="${i}" title="Decrease">▼</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-digit-char hex-font-number">${digitChar}</div>
+
+      <!-- bulbs: brightness changes based on nibble bits -->
+      <div class="hex-bulbs" aria-label="Nibble bits">
+        ${[8,4,2,1].map((w, idx) => {
+          const on = nibbleBits[idx] === 1;
+          return `
+            <div class="hex-bulb ${on ? "is-on" : ""}">
+              <div class="hex-bulb-cap"></div>
+              <div class="hex-bulb-glow"></div>
+              <div class="hex-bulb-label">${w}</div>
+            </div>
+          `;
+        }).join("")}
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-digit-place">${placeValue}</div>
+    `;
+    outDigitsRow.appendChild(col);
+  }
+}
+
+function openDialog(mode: DialogMode): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  dialogMode = mode;
+
+  dialogError.textContent = "";
+  dialogInput.value = "";
+
+  if (mode === "hex") {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Hexadecimal";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter 1–${digits} hex digit(s) (0–9, A–F).`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "A1";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "text";
+  } else if (mode === "den") {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Denary";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter a whole number from 0 to ${maxForDigits(digits)}.`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "42";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "numeric";
+  } else {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Binary";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter up to ${digits * 4} bit(s) using 0 and 1.`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "00101010";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "text";
+  }
+
+  dialog.showModal();
+  window.setTimeout(() => dialogInput.focus(), 0);
+}
+
+function closeDialog(): void {
+  dialogMode = null;
+  dialogError.textContent = "";
+  if (dialog.open) dialog.close();
+}
+
+function applyDialog(): void {
+  const raw = (dialogInput.value || "").trim();
+  if (!dialogMode) return closeDialog();
+  if (raw.length === 0) return closeDialog();
+
+  const max = maxForDigits(digits);
+  const bits = digits * 4;
+
+  if (dialogMode === "hex") {
+    const v = raw.toUpperCase();
+    if (!/^[0-9A-F]+$/.test(v)) { dialogError.textContent = "Hex must use 0–9 and A–F only."; return; }
+    if (v.length > digits) { dialogError.textContent = `Max length is ${digits} hex digit(s).`; return; }
+    value = clamp(parseInt(v, 16), 0, max);
+    render();
+    return closeDialog();
+  }
+
+  if (dialogMode === "den") {
+    if (!/^\d+$/.test(raw)) { dialogError.textContent = "Denary must be whole numbers only."; return; }
+    const n = Number(raw);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) { dialogError.textContent = "Invalid number."; return; }
+    value = clamp(n, 0, max);
+    render();
+    return closeDialog();
+  }
+
+  // bin
+  if (!/^[01]+$/.test(raw)) { dialogError.textContent = "Binary must use 0 and 1 only."; return; }
+  if (raw.length > bits) { dialogError.textContent = `Max length is ${bits} bit(s).`; return; }
+  value = clamp(parseInt(raw, 2), 0, max);
+  render();
+  return closeDialog();
+}
+
+function applyDigitDelta(i: number, delta: number): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  const hexArr = padHex(value, digits).split("");
+  let v = parseInt(hexArr[i], 16);
+  v = (v + delta) % 16;
+  if (v < 0) v += 16;
+  hexArr[i] = v.toString(16).toUpperCase();
+  value = clamp(parseInt(hexArr.join(""), 16), 0, maxForDigits(digits));
+  render();
+}
+
+// dialog cancel / backdrop
+dialog.addEventListener("cancel", (e) => { e.preventDefault(); closeDialog(); });
+dialog.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+  const card = dialog.querySelector(".hex-dialog-card");
+  if (card && !card.contains(e.target as Node)) closeDialog();
+});
+dialogInput.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
+  if (e.key === "Enter") applyDialog();
+  if (e.key === "Escape") closeDialog();
+});
+
+// main click handler
+root.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+  const btn = (e.target as HTMLElement).closest<HTMLElement>("[data-action]");
+  if (!btn) return;
+  const action = btn.getAttribute("data-action")!;
+
+  if (action === "toggleToolbox") {
+    toolbox.classList.toggle("is-open");
+    toolboxBtn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", toolbox.classList.contains("is-open") ? "true" : "false");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (action === "digitsMinus") { digits = clamp(digits - 1, 1, 8); value = clamp(value, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+  if (action === "digitsPlus")  { digits = clamp(digits + 1, 1, 8); value = clamp(value, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+
+  if (action === "increment") { stopRandom(); value = clamp(value + 1, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+  if (action === "decrement") { stopRandom(); value = clamp(value - 1, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+
+  if (action === "reset")     { stopRandom(); value = 0; return render(); }
+  if (action === "random")    { return startRandom(); }
+
+  if (action === "customHex")    return openDialog("hex");
+  if (action === "customDenary") return openDialog("den");
+  if (action === "customBinary") return openDialog("bin");
+
+  if (action === "dialogCancel") return closeDialog();
+  if (action === "dialogApply")  return applyDialog();
+
+  if (action === "digitUp")   return applyDigitDelta(Number(btn.getAttribute("data-i")), +1);
+  if (action === "digitDown") return applyDigitDelta(Number(btn.getAttribute("data-i")), -1);
+});
+
+render();

src/components/site-footer.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<footer class="site-footer">
+  <div class="site-footer__inner">
+    <div class="site-footer__text">
+      COMPUTER SCIENCE CONCEPT SIMULATORS<br />
+      © 2025 COMPUTING:BOX • CREATED WITH ♥ BY MR LYALL
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>

src/components/site-header.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+const nav = [
+  { href: "/about", label: "About" },
+  { href: "/binary", label: "Binary" },
+  { href: "/hexadecimal", label: "Hexadecimal" },
+  { href: "/hex-colours", label: "Hex Colours" },
+  { href: "/logic-gates", label: "Logic Gates" },
+];
+---
+<header class="site-header">
+  <div class="site-header__inner">
+    <a class="site-header__brand" href="/" aria-label="Computing:Box home">
+      <img class="site-header__logo" src="/img/logo.png" alt="" width="26" height="26" />
+      <span class="site-header__name">COMPUTING:BOX</span>
+    </a>
+
+    <nav class="site-header__nav" aria-label="Primary">
+      {nav.map((i) => (
+        <a class="site-header__link" href={i.href}>
+          {i.label.toUpperCase()}
+        </a>
+      ))}
+    </nav>
+  </div>
+</header>

src/components/tools/BinarySimulator.astro

@@ -1,381 +0,0 @@
----
-const { mode = "unsigned", defaultBits = 8 } = Astro.props;
-
-// For unsigned: min 1 bit, max 16 bits (tweak if you want)
-const minBits = 4;
-const maxBits = 16;
-const initialBits = Math.min(Math.max(defaultBits, minBits), maxBits);
----
-
-<section class="binary-sim" data-mode={mode} data-bits={initialBits}>
-  <div class="top">
-    <div class="left-brand">
-      <!-- Replace with your logo/img -->
-      <div class="brand-box" aria-hidden="true">Computing:Box</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="display" aria-live="polite">
-      <div class="label">DENARY</div>
-      <div id="denaryNumber" class="value">0</div>
-
-      <div class="label">BINARY</div>
-      <div id="binaryNumber" class="value mono">00000000</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="actions">
-      <button class="btn" type="button" data-action="custom-binary">Custom Binary</button>
-      <button class="btn" type="button" data-action="custom-denary">Custom Denary</button>
-      <button class="btn" type="button" data-action="shift-left">Left Shift</button>
-      <button class="btn" type="button" data-action="shift-right">Right Shift</button>
-
-      <div class="bits-control">
-        <div class="bits-title">Bits</div>
-        <div class="bits-buttons">
-          <button class="btn small" type="button" data-action="bits-minus" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button>
-          <span id="bitsCount" class="bits-count">{initialBits}</span>
-          <button class="btn small" type="button" data-action="bits-plus" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-
-  <div id="bitsRow" class="bits-row" aria-label="Binary bit switches"></div>
-</section>
-
-<script is:inline>
-(() => {
-  const root = document.currentScript.closest(".binary-sim");
-  const bitsRow = root.querySelector("#bitsRow");
-  const binaryEl = root.querySelector("#binaryNumber");
-  const denaryEl = root.querySelector("#denaryNumber");
-  const bitsCountEl = root.querySelector("#bitsCount");
-
-  let bitCount = parseInt(root.dataset.bits || "8", 10);
-  const minBits = 4;
-  const maxBits = 16;
-
-  // state: array of 0/1, MSB at index 0
-  let bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(0);
-
-  function placeValues(n) {
-    // unsigned place values: [2^(n-1), ..., 2^0]
-    return Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => 2 ** (n - 1 - i));
-  }
-
-  function bitsToDenary(bitsArr) {
-    const pv = placeValues(bitsArr.length);
-    return bitsArr.reduce((acc, b, i) => acc + (b ? pv[i] : 0), 0);
-  }
-
-  function render() {
-    const binaryStr = bits.join("");
-    binaryEl.textContent = binaryStr;
-    denaryEl.textContent = String(bitsToDenary(bits));
-    bitsCountEl.textContent = String(bitCount);
-
-    const pv = placeValues(bitCount);
-
-    bitsRow.innerHTML = pv.map((value, i) => {
-      const id = `bit_${bitCount}_${i}`;
-      const checked = bits[i] === 1 ? "checked" : "";
-      return `
-        <div class="bit-col">
-          <div class="bulb ${bits[i] ? "on" : "off"}" aria-hidden="true"></div>
-          <div class="place">${value}</div>
-
-          <label class="switch" for="${id}">
-            <input id="${id}" type="checkbox" ${checked} data-index="${i}">
-            <span class="slider" aria-hidden="true"></span>
-            <span class="sr-only">Toggle bit value ${value}</span>
-          </label>
-        </div>
-      `;
-    }).join("");
-  }
-
-  function setBitsFromBinaryString(str) {
-    // allow shorter input; pad left
-    const clean = (str || "").trim();
-    if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean) || clean.length > bitCount) return false;
-    const padded = clean.padStart(bitCount, "0");
-    bits = padded.split("").map(c => c === "1" ? 1 : 0);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  function setBitsFromDenary(num) {
-    if (!Number.isInteger(num)) return false;
-    const max = (2 ** bitCount) - 1;
-    if (num < 0 || num > max) return false;
-
-    const bin = num.toString(2).padStart(bitCount, "0");
-    bits = bin.split("").map(c => c === "1" ? 1 : 0);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  function shiftLeft() {
-    bits = bits.slice(1).concat(0);
-  }
-
-  function shiftRight() {
-    bits = [0].concat(bits.slice(0, -1));
-  }
-
-  function resizeBits(newCount) {
-    const clamped = Math.max(minBits, Math.min(maxBits, newCount));
-    if (clamped === bitCount) return;
-
-    // keep value as best as possible: preserve LSBs when resizing
-    const currentBinary = bits.join("");
-    bitCount = clamped;
-    bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(0);
-
-    const take = currentBinary.slice(-bitCount);
-    setBitsFromBinaryString(take);
-  }
-
-  // Switch input handler
-  bitsRow.addEventListener("change", (e) => {
-    const input = e.target;
-    if (!(input instanceof HTMLInputElement)) return;
-    const idx = parseInt(input.dataset.index || "-1", 10);
-    if (idx < 0) return;
-    bits[idx] = input.checked ? 1 : 0;
-    render();
-  });
-
-  // Button actions
-  root.querySelector(".actions").addEventListener("click", (e) => {
-    const btn = e.target.closest("button[data-action]");
-    if (!btn) return;
-
-    const action = btn.dataset.action;
-
-    if (action === "custom-binary") {
-      const entered = prompt(`Enter a ${bitCount}-bit binary value (0s and 1s):`, bits.join(""));
-      if (entered === null) return;
-      if (!setBitsFromBinaryString(entered)) {
-        alert(`Invalid binary. Use only 0 and 1, up to ${bitCount} digits.`);
-        return;
-      }
-      render();
-    }
-
-    if (action === "custom-denary") {
-      const max = (2 ** bitCount) - 1;
-      const entered = prompt(`Enter a denary value (0 to ${max}):`, String(bitsToDenary(bits)));
-      if (entered === null) return;
-      const num = Number.parseInt(entered, 10);
-      if (!setBitsFromDenary(num)) {
-        alert(`Invalid denary. Enter a whole number from 0 to ${max}.`);
-        return;
-      }
-      render();
-    }
-
-    if (action === "shift-left") { shiftLeft(); render(); }
-    if (action === "shift-right") { shiftRight(); render(); }
-
-    if (action === "bits-minus") { resizeBits(bitCount - 1); render(); }
-    if (action === "bits-plus") { resizeBits(bitCount + 1); render(); }
-  });
-
-  // initial
-  render();
-})();
-</script>
-
-<style>
-/* Layout */
-.binary-sim {
-  padding: 2rem 1rem 3rem;
-}
-
-.top {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 260px 1fr 220px;
-  gap: 1.5rem;
-  align-items: start;
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 980px) {
-  .top {
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-  }
-  .actions {
-    display: grid;
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
-  }
-}
-
-/* Brand placeholder */
-.brand-box {
-  width: 180px;
-  height: 180px;
-  border-radius: 12px;
-  display: grid;
-  place-items: center;
-  font-weight: 700;
-  opacity: 0.9;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.04);
-}
-
-/* Display */
-.display {
-  text-align: center;
-  padding: 1rem;
-}
-
-.label {
-  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
-  opacity: 0.85;
-  margin-top: 0.5rem;
-}
-
-.value {
-  font-size: 3rem;
-  line-height: 1.1;
-  margin: 0.25rem 0 0.75rem;
-  font-weight: 700;
-}
-
-.mono {
-  font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
-}
-
-/* Buttons */
-.actions {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 0.75rem;
-}
-
-.btn {
-  border: 0;
-  border-radius: 10px;
-  padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
-  font-weight: 600;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-  color: inherit;
-}
-
-.btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); }
-
-.btn.small {
-  padding: 0.45rem 0.75rem;
-  border-radius: 10px;
-}
-
-.bits-control {
-  margin-top: 0.25rem;
-  padding-top: 0.5rem;
-  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
-}
-
-.bits-title { opacity: 0.8; margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }
-
-.bits-buttons {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 0.5rem;
-}
-
-.bits-count {
-  min-width: 2ch;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-weight: 700;
-}
-
-/* Bits row */
-.bits-row {
-  margin-top: 2rem;
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(88px, 1fr));
-  gap: 1.25rem;
-  align-items: end;
-}
-
-.bit-col {
-  text-align: center;
-  padding: 0.5rem 0.25rem;
-}
-
-.place {
-  margin: 0.5rem 0 0.5rem;
-  font-size: 2rem;
-  font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
-}
-
-/* Bulb */
-.bulb {
-  width: 26px;
-  height: 26px;
-  margin: 0 auto 0.25rem;
-  border-radius: 50%;
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);
-}
-.bulb.off { opacity: 0.15; }
-.bulb.on  { opacity: 1; }
-
-/* Light switch (accessible checkbox) */
-.switch {
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: center;
-  width: 64px;
-  height: 36px;
-  position: relative;
-}
-
-.switch input {
-  position: absolute;
-  opacity: 0;
-  width: 1px;
-  height: 1px;
-}
-
-.slider {
-  width: 64px;
-  height: 36px;
-  border-radius: 999px;
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
-  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
-  position: relative;
-  transition: transform 120ms ease, background 120ms ease;
-}
-
-.slider::after {
-  content: "";
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 4px;
-  left: 4px;
-  width: 28px;
-  height: 28px;
-  border-radius: 999px;
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);
-  transition: transform 120ms ease;
-}
-
-.switch input:checked + .slider {
-  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);
-}
-
-.switch input:checked + .slider::after {
-  transform: translateX(28px);
-}
-
-/* focus */
-.switch input:focus-visible + .slider {
-  outline: 3px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-}
-
-.sr-only {
-  position: absolute;
-  width: 1px; height: 1px;
-  padding: 0; margin: -1px;
-  overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0,0,0,0);
-  white-space: nowrap; border: 0;
-}
-</style>

src/layouts/BaseLayout.astro

@@ -1,17 +1,118 @@
 ---
-// src/layouts/BaseLayout.astro
 const { title = "Computing:Box" } = Astro.props;
 ---
+
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="utf-8" />
- <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
- <title>{title}</title>
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles.css" />
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.css">
- </head>
- <body>
- <slot />
- </body>
-</html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>{title}</title>
+
+    <style>
+      :root{
+        --nav-h: 108px; /* 3x-ish height */
+        --bg: #1f2027;
+        --text: #e8e8ee;
+        --muted: #a9acb8;
+        --line: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+      }
+
+      body{
+        margin:0;
+        background:var(--bg);
+        color:var(--text);
+      }
+
+      .siteNav{
+        position: sticky;
+        top: 0;
+        z-index: 50;
+        height: var(--nav-h);
+        background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
+        backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+      }
+
+      .navInner{
+        height: 100%;
+        max-width: 1400px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        padding: 0 20px;
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        justify-content: space-between;
+        gap: 24px;
+      }
+
+      .brand{
+        display:flex;
+        align-items:center;
+        gap:12px;
+        text-decoration:none;
+        color:var(--text);
+      }
+
+      .brandLogo{
+        width: 2em;
+        height: 2em;
+        image-rendering: pixelated;
+      }
+
+      .brandName{
+        letter-spacing: .12em;
+        font-weight: 900;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+        font-size: 18px;
+      }
+
+      .navLinks{
+        display:flex;
+        align-items:center;
+        gap:18px;
+        flex-wrap:wrap;
+      }
+
+      .navLinks a{
+        color: var(--muted);
+        text-decoration: none;
+        font-weight: 800;
+        letter-spacing: .12em;
+        font-size: 16px;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+      }
+
+      .navLinks a:hover{
+        color: var(--text);
+      }
+
+      .pageWrap{
+        max-width: 1400px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <header class="siteNav">
+      <div class="navInner">
+        <a class="brand" href="/">
+          <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo" />
+          <span class="brandName">COMPUTING:BOX</span>
+        </a>
+
+        <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation">
+          <a href="/about">ABOUT</a>
+          <a href="/binary">BINARY</a>
+          <a href="/hexadecimal">HEXADECIMAL</a>
+          <a href="/hex-colours">HEX COLOURS</a>
+          <a href="/logic-gates">LOGIC GATES</a>
+        </nav>
+      </div>
+    </header>
+
+    <main class="pageWrap">
+      <slot />
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>

src/pages/binary.astro

@@ -1,642 +1,112 @@
 ---
-/**
- * src/pages/binary.astro
- * Single-file binary simulator (Unsigned + Two's complement)
- * Bit width: 4..64
- *
- * Requires:
- *  public/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff
- *  public/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf
- */
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+import "../styles/binary.css";
 ---
 
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
-    <title>Binary | Computing:Box</title>
+<BaseLayout title="Binary Simulator">
+  <button id="toolboxToggle" class="toolboxToggle" type="button" aria-expanded="true">
+    <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span>
+    <span class="toolboxLabel">TOOLBOX</span>
+  </button>
 
-    <style>
-      :root{
-        --bg: #1f2027;
-        --panel: #22242d;
-        --panel2:#262833;
-        --text: #e8e8ee;
-        --muted: #a9acb8;
-        --accent: #33ff7a;
-        --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
-        --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
-      }
+  <main class="wrap">
+    <section class="topGrid">
+      <!-- LEFT -->
+      <div>
+        <div class="readout">
+          <div class="label">Denary</div>
+          <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div>
 
-      @font-face{
-        font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular";
-        src:
-          url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff") format("woff"),
-          url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
-        font-weight: 400;
-        font-style: normal;
-        font-display: swap;
-      }
-
-      body{
-        margin:0;
-        font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
-        background: var(--bg);
-        color: var(--text);
-      }
-
-      .wrap{
-        max-width: 1200px;
-        margin: 0 auto;
-        padding: 32px 20px 60px;
-      }
-
-      /* Layout: readout left, settings panel right (like your screenshot) */
-      .layout{
-        display:grid;
-        grid-template-columns: 1fr 360px;
-        gap: 22px;
-        align-items:start;
-      }
-
-      .readout{
-        text-align:center;
-        padding: 10px 10px 0;
-      }
-
-      .label{
-        letter-spacing: .18em;
-        font-weight: 700;
-        color: var(--muted);
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-        font-size: 16px;
-        margin-top: 8px;
-      }
-
-      .num{
-        font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular", ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
-        font-weight: 400;
-        color: var(--accent);
-        text-shadow: 0 0 18px var(--accent-dim);
-      }
-
-      .value{
-        font-size: 70px;
-        line-height: 1.0;
-        margin: 6px 0 16px;
-      }
-
-      .binary{
-        font-size: 54px;
-        letter-spacing: .12em;
-        word-break: break-all;
-      }
-
-      /* Buttons under readout (as requested) */
-      .controls{
-        margin-top: 16px;
-        display:flex;
-        gap: 12px;
-        justify-content:center;
-        flex-wrap:wrap;
-      }
-
-      .btn{
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
-        color: #fff;
-        padding: 12px 14px;
-        border-radius: 12px;
-        font-weight: 700;
-        cursor: pointer;
-        min-width: 160px;
-      }
-      .btn:active{ transform: translateY(1px); }
-
-      /* Settings panel cards */
-      .panel{
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
-        border-radius: 14px;
-        padding: 16px 16px 14px;
-        margin-bottom: 14px;
-      }
-      .panelTitle{
-        font-size: 12px;
-        letter-spacing: .16em;
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-        color: var(--muted);
-        font-weight: 800;
-        margin-bottom: 10px;
-      }
-      .panelRow{
-        display:flex;
-        align-items:center;
-        justify-content:space-between;
-        gap: 12px;
-      }
-      .hint{
-        color: var(--muted);
-        font-size: 12px;
-        margin-top: 10px;
-        line-height: 1.35;
-      }
-
-      /* Reusable toggle switch (for MODE and for each BIT) */
-      .switch{
-        position: relative;
-        width: 56px;
-        height: 34px;
-        display:inline-block;
-        flex: 0 0 auto;
-      }
-      .switch input{
-        opacity:0;
-        width:0;
-        height:0;
-      }
-      .slider{
-        position:absolute;
-        inset:0;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
-        border-radius: 999px;
-        transition: .18s ease;
-      }
-      .slider::before{
-        content:"";
-        position:absolute;
-        height: 28px;
-        width: 28px;
-        left: 3px;
-        top: 2px;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
-        border-radius: 50%;
-        transition: .18s ease;
-      }
-      .switch input:checked + .slider{
-        background: rgba(51,255,122,.20);
-        border-color: rgba(51,255,122,.55);
-      }
-      .switch input:checked + .slider::before{
-        transform: translateX(22px);
-        background: var(--accent);
-      }
-
-      /* Bit width controls */
-      .bwControls{
-        display:grid;
-        grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr 44px;
-        gap: 10px;
-        align-items:center;
-        margin-top: 8px;
-      }
-      .bwBtn{
-        width: 44px;
-        height: 44px;
-        border-radius: 12px;
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
-        color: #fff;
-        font-weight: 900;
-        cursor: pointer;
-      }
-      .bwBtn:active{ transform: translateY(1px); }
-
-      .bwInput{
-        display:flex;
-        align-items:center;
-        justify-content:space-between;
-        gap: 12px;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.05);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
-        border-radius: 12px;
-        padding: 10px 12px;
-      }
-      .bwLabel{
-        color: var(--muted);
-        font-size: 12px;
-        letter-spacing: .14em;
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-        font-weight: 800;
-      }
-      .bwField{
-        width: 100px;
-        text-align:right;
-        background: transparent;
-        border: none;
-        outline: none;
-        color: var(--accent);
-        font-family: "DSEG7ClassicRegular", ui-monospace, monospace;
-        font-size: 26px;
-        padding: 0;
-      }
-      .bwField::-webkit-outer-spin-button,
-      .bwField::-webkit-inner-spin-button { -webkit-appearance: none; margin: 0; }
-      .bwField[type=number] { -moz-appearance: textfield; }
-
-      /* Bits grid */
-      .bits{
-        margin-top: 34px;
-        padding-top: 26px;
-        border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
-        display:grid;
-        gap: 18px;
-        align-items:end;
-        text-align:center;
-      }
-
-      .bit{
-        display:flex;
-        flex-direction:column;
-        align-items:center;
-        gap: 10px;
-        padding: 8px 4px;
-      }
-
-      .bitVal{
-        font-size: 34px;
-        color: var(--text);
-        opacity: .95;
-      }
-
-      /* Bulb (must come back!) */
-      .bulb{
-        width: 22px;
-        height: 22px;
-        border-radius: 50%;
-        background: rgba(255,255,255,.08);
-        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
-        box-shadow: none;
-        margin-bottom: 6px;
-      }
-      .bulb.on{
-        background: #ffd86b;
-        border-color: rgba(255,216,107,.7);
-        box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(255,216,107,.6);
-      }
-
-      /* Responsive */
-      @media (max-width: 1000px){
-        .layout{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
-        .value{ font-size: 60px; }
-        .binary{ font-size: 44px; }
-      }
-      @media (max-width: 900px){
-        .value{ font-size: 54px; }
-        .binary{ font-size: 36px; }
-        .btn{ min-width: 140px; }
-      }
-    </style>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <main class="wrap">
-      <section class="layout">
-        <!-- LEFT: readout + buttons -->
-        <div>
-          <div class="readout">
-            <div class="label">Denary</div>
-            <div id="denaryNumber" class="value num">0</div>
-
-            <div class="label">Binary</div>
-            <div id="binaryNumber" class="value binary num">00000000</div>
-
-            <div class="controls">
-              <button class="btn" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button>
-              <button class="btn" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button>
-              <button class="btn" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button>
-              <button class="btn" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <!-- Bits grid (built by JS so bit-width 4..64 works) -->
-          <section id="bitsGrid" class="bits" aria-label="Bit switches"></section>
+          <div class="label">Binary</div>
+          <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">0000 0000</div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- RIGHT: settings panel -->
-        <aside>
-          <div class="panel">
-            <div class="panelTitle">Mode</div>
-            <div class="panelRow">
-              <span style="font-weight:800;">Unsigned</span>
+        <div class="divider"></div>
 
-              <!-- MODE TOGGLE uses SAME switch style -->
-              <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle Two's complement mode">
-                <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox" />
-                <span class="slider"></span>
-              </label>
+        <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Bit switches">
+          <div class="bitsGrid" id="bitsGrid"></div>
+        </section>
+      </div>
 
-              <span style="font-weight:800;">Two’s complement</span>
-            </div>
-            <div class="hint">
-              Tip: In two’s complement, the left-most bit (MSB) represents a negative value.
-            </div>
+      <!-- RIGHT TOOLBOX -->
+      <aside id="toolbox" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox">
+        <!-- SETTINGS -->
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div>
+
+          <div class="toggleRow">
+            <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblUnsigned">Unsigned</div>
+            <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle mode">
+              <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox" />
+              <span class="slider"></span>
+            </label>
+            <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblTwos">Two&rsquo;s complement</div>
           </div>
 
-          <div class="panel">
-            <div class="panelTitle">Bit width</div>
+          <div class="hint" id="modeHint">
+            Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.
+          </div>
 
-            <div class="bwControls">
-              <button class="bwBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button>
+          <div class="subCard">
+            <div class="subTitle">Bit width</div>
+            <div class="bitWidthRow">
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button>
 
-              <div class="bwInput">
-                <div class="bwLabel">Bits</div>
+              <div class="bitInputWrap">
+                <div class="bitInputLabel">Bits</div>
                 <input
-                  id="bitsField"
-                  class="bwField"
+                  id="bitsInput"
+                  class="bitInput"
                   type="number"
-                  min="4"
+                  inputmode="numeric"
+                  min="1"
                   max="64"
                   step="1"
                   value="8"
-                  inputmode="numeric"
+                  aria-label="Number of bits"
                 />
               </div>
 
-              <button class="bwBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button>
-            </div>
-
-            <div class="hint">
-              Minimum 4 bits, maximum 64 bits.
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button>
             </div>
           </div>
-        </aside>
-      </section>
-    </main>
+        </div>
 
-    <script type="module">
-      // ---------- State ----------
-      let bitsCount = 8;           // 4..64
-      let isTwos = false;          // false = unsigned
-      let bitStates = [];          // MSB -> LSB booleans
+        <!-- CUSTOM -->
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Custom</div>
 
-      // ---------- Helpers ----------
-      function clamp(n, min, max){ return Math.min(max, Math.max(min, n)); }
+          <div class="twoBtnRow">
+            <button class="btn btnAccent" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button>
+            <button class="btn btnAccent" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button>
+          </div>
 
-      function pow2(n){
-        // for up to 64 bits, Number is still OK for *visual simulator*.
-        // if you later want exact 64-bit maths, swap to BigInt end-to-end.
-        return 2 ** n;
-      }
+          <button class="toolBtn toolWide toolRandom" id="btnRandom" type="button">
+            Random
+          </button>
 
-      function getPlaceValues(){
-        // MSB -> LSB
-        // Unsigned: [2^(n-1), ..., 1]
-        // Two's:    [-2^(n-1), 2^(n-2), ..., 1]
-        const vals = [];
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const power = bitsCount - 1 - i;
-          if (isTwos && i === 0){
-            vals.push(-pow2(power));
-          } else {
-            vals.push(pow2(power));
-          }
-        }
-        return vals;
-      }
+          <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div>
+        </div>
 
-      function binaryString(){
-        return bitStates.map(b => (b ? "1" : "0")).join("");
-      }
+        <!-- TOOLS -->
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div>
 
-      function denaryValue(){
-        const values = getPlaceValues();
-        let sum = 0;
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          if (bitStates[i]) sum += values[i];
-        }
-        return sum;
-      }
+          <div class="toolsTopRow">
+            <button class="toolBtn toolArrow toolDown" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button>
+            <button class="toolBtn toolArrow toolUp" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button>
+          </div>
 
-      function rangeForMode(){
-        if (!isTwos){
-          return { min: 0, max: pow2(bitsCount) - 1 };
-        }
-        return { min: -pow2(bitsCount - 1), max: pow2(bitsCount - 1) - 1 };
-      }
+          <div class="twoBtnRow">
+            <button class="btn" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button>
+            <button class="btn" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button>
+          </div>
 
-      function updateReadout(){
-        document.getElementById("binaryNumber").innerText = binaryString();
-        document.getElementById("denaryNumber").innerText = String(denaryValue());
+          <button class="toolBtn toolWide toolReset" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button>
+        </div>
+      </aside>
+    </section>
+  </main>
 
-        // bulb on/off updates:
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const bulb = document.getElementById(`bulb-${i}`);
-          if (bulb) bulb.classList.toggle("on", !!bitStates[i]);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // ---------- DOM build for bits grid ----------
-      function setBitsGridColumns(){
-        const grid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
-        // make it adapt (up to 16 per row max, then wraps)
-        const cols = clamp(bitsCount, 4, 16);
-        grid.style.gridTemplateColumns = `repeat(${cols}, 1fr)`;
-      }
-
-      function buildBitsGrid(){
-        const grid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
-        grid.innerHTML = "";
-
-        setBitsGridColumns();
-
-        const values = getPlaceValues();
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const v = values[i];
-
-          const bit = document.createElement("div");
-          bit.className = "bit";
-
-          const bulb = document.createElement("div");
-          bulb.className = "bulb";
-          bulb.id = `bulb-${i}`;
-          bulb.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
-
-          const val = document.createElement("div");
-          val.className = "bitVal num";
-          // show absolute label for MSB in twos? No — show the actual negative value (clear to students).
-          val.textContent = String(v);
-
-          // IMPORTANT: bit switch must be the SAME style as MODE switch
-          const label = document.createElement("label");
-          label.className = "switch";
-          label.setAttribute("aria-label", `Toggle bit ${v}`);
-
-          const input = document.createElement("input");
-          input.type = "checkbox";
-          input.dataset.index = String(i);
-          input.checked = !!bitStates[i];
-
-          const slider = document.createElement("span");
-          slider.className = "slider";
-
-          input.addEventListener("change", () => {
-            bitStates[i] = input.checked;
-            updateReadout();
-          });
-
-          label.appendChild(input);
-          label.appendChild(slider);
-
-          bit.appendChild(bulb);
-          bit.appendChild(val);
-          bit.appendChild(label);
-          grid.appendChild(bit);
-        }
-
-        updateReadout();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Set state from binary / denary ----------
-      function setFromBinary(bin){
-        const clean = String(bin).replace(/\s+/g, "");
-        if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean)) return false;
-
-        const padded = clean.slice(-bitsCount).padStart(bitsCount, "0");
-        bitStates = [...padded].map(ch => ch === "1");
-
-        // update toggles without rebuilding
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const toggle = document.querySelector(`input[type="checkbox"][data-index="${i}"]`);
-          if (toggle) toggle.checked = bitStates[i];
-        }
-        updateReadout();
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      function setFromDenary(n){
-        const num = Number(n);
-        if (!Number.isInteger(num)) return false;
-
-        const { min, max } = rangeForMode();
-        if (num < min || num > max) return false;
-
-        // convert to bit pattern
-        let unsignedVal;
-        if (!isTwos){
-          unsignedVal = num;
-        } else {
-          // two's complement representation
-          unsignedVal = num < 0 ? (pow2(bitsCount) + num) : num;
-        }
-
-        // build MSB->LSB bits from unsignedVal
-        const newBits = [];
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const power = bitsCount - 1 - i;
-          const bit = Math.floor(unsignedVal / pow2(power)) % 2;
-          newBits.push(bit === 1);
-        }
-        bitStates = newBits;
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < bitsCount; i++){
-          const toggle = document.querySelector(`input[type="checkbox"][data-index="${i}"]`);
-          if (toggle) toggle.checked = bitStates[i];
-        }
-        updateReadout();
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Shifts ----------
-      function shiftLeft(){
-        // logical left shift: drop MSB, add 0 at LSB
-        bitStates = bitStates.slice(1).concat(false);
-        buildBitsGrid(); // rebuild keeps labels correct if mode changed (also updates bulbs)
-      }
-
-      function shiftRight(){
-        if (!isTwos){
-          // logical right shift
-          bitStates = [false].concat(bitStates.slice(0, -1));
-        } else {
-          // arithmetic right shift (preserve MSB)
-          const msb = bitStates[0];
-          bitStates = [msb].concat(bitStates.slice(0, -1));
-        }
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Bit width ----------
-      function applyBitsCount(next){
-        const wanted = clamp(Number(next) || 8, 4, 64);
-        if (wanted === bitsCount) return;
-
-        // keep the right-most (LSB) bits when resizing (feels natural)
-        const old = binaryString();
-        bitsCount = wanted;
-
-        // rebuild state from old binary, keeping LSBs
-        const padded = old.slice(-bitsCount).padStart(bitsCount, "0");
-        bitStates = [...padded].map(ch => ch === "1");
-
-        document.getElementById("bitsField").value = String(bitsCount);
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Mode toggle ----------
-      function applyMode(nextIsTwos){
-        const prevDenary = denaryValue(); // keep the *value* if possible
-        isTwos = !!nextIsTwos;
-
-        // Try to keep the denary value, but clamp if it becomes invalid in the new mode
-        const { min, max } = rangeForMode();
-        const kept = clamp(prevDenary, min, max);
-        setFromDenary(kept);
-
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Wire up UI ----------
-      function wireUI(){
-        document.getElementById("btnShiftLeft").addEventListener("click", shiftLeft);
-        document.getElementById("btnShiftRight").addEventListener("click", shiftRight);
-
-        document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary").addEventListener("click", () => {
-          const val = prompt(`Enter a binary number (up to ${bitsCount} bits):`);
-          if (val === null) return;
-          if (!setFromBinary(val)) alert("Invalid input. Use only 0 and 1.");
-        });
-
-        document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary").addEventListener("click", () => {
-          const { min, max } = rangeForMode();
-          const val = prompt(`Enter a denary number (${min} to ${max}):`);
-          if (val === null) return;
-          if (!setFromDenary(val)) alert(`Invalid input. Enter an integer from ${min} to ${max}.`);
-        });
-
-        // Mode toggle
-        const modeToggle = document.getElementById("modeToggle");
-        modeToggle.addEventListener("change", () => applyMode(modeToggle.checked));
-
-        // Bit width +/- and manual entry
-        document.getElementById("btnBitsDown").addEventListener("click", () => applyBitsCount(bitsCount - 1));
-        document.getElementById("btnBitsUp").addEventListener("click", () => applyBitsCount(bitsCount + 1));
-
-        const bitsField = document.getElementById("bitsField");
-        bitsField.addEventListener("change", () => applyBitsCount(bitsField.value));
-        bitsField.addEventListener("blur", () => applyBitsCount(bitsField.value));
-        bitsField.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
-          if (e.key === "Enter") applyBitsCount(bitsField.value);
-        });
-      }
-
-      // ---------- Init ----------
-      function init(){
-        // default: 8-bit unsigned
-        bitsCount = 8;
-        isTwos = false;
-        bitStates = Array(bitsCount).fill(false);
-
-        document.getElementById("modeToggle").checked = false;
-        document.getElementById("bitsField").value = String(bitsCount);
-
-        wireUI();
-        buildBitsGrid();
-      }
-
-      init();
-    </script>
-  </body>
-</html>
+  <script type="module" src="/src/scripts/binary.js"></script>
+</BaseLayout>

src/pages/hexadecimal.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+import HexSimulator from "../components/simulators/HexSimulator.astro";
+---
+
+<BaseLayout title="Hexadecimal | Computing:Box">
+  <HexSimulator />
+</BaseLayout>

src/scripts/binary.js

@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+// src/scripts/binary.js
+// Computing:Box — Binary page logic (Unsigned + Two's Complement)
+
+(() => {
+  /* -----------------------------
+     DOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  const bitsGrid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
+  const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
+  const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
+  const bitsInput = document.getElementById("bitsInput");
+
+  const modeToggle = document.getElementById("modeToggle");
+  const modeHint = document.getElementById("modeHint");
+
+  const btnCustomBinary = document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary");
+  const btnCustomDenary = document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary");
+  const btnShiftLeft = document.getElementById("btnShiftLeft");
+  const btnShiftRight = document.getElementById("btnShiftRight");
+
+  const btnDec = document.getElementById("btnDec");
+  const btnInc = document.getElementById("btnInc");
+  const btnClear = document.getElementById("btnClear");
+  const btnRandom = document.getElementById("btnRandom");
+
+  const btnBitsUp = document.getElementById("btnBitsUp");
+  const btnBitsDown = document.getElementById("btnBitsDown");
+
+  const toolboxToggle = document.getElementById("toolboxToggle");
+  const toolboxPanel = document.getElementById("toolboxPanel");
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     STATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  let bitCount = clampInt(Number(bitsInput?.value ?? 8), 1, 64);
+  let bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(false);
+
+  let randomTimer = null;
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     HELPERS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clampInt(n, min, max) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) return min;
+    return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, Math.trunc(n)));
+  }
+
+  function isTwosMode() {
+    return !!modeToggle?.checked;
+  }
+
+  function pow2Big(n) {
+    return 1n << BigInt(n);
+  }
+
+  function unsignedMaxExclusive(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits);
+  }
+
+  function unsignedMaxValue(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits) - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function twosMin(nBits) {
+    return -pow2Big(nBits - 1);
+  }
+
+  function twosMax(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits - 1) - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function bitsToUnsignedBigInt() {
+    let v = 0n;
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      if (bits[i]) v += pow2Big(i);
+    }
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  function unsignedBigIntToBits(vUnsigned) {
+    const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+    const v = ((vUnsigned % span) + span) % span;
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      bits[i] = ((v >> BigInt(i)) & 1n) === 1n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() {
+    const u = bitsToUnsignedBigInt();
+    const signBit = bits[bitCount - 1] === true;
+    if (!signBit) return u;
+    return u - pow2Big(bitCount);
+  }
+
+  function signedBigIntToBitsTwos(vSigned) {
+    const span = pow2Big(bitCount);
+    let v = ((vSigned % span) + span) % span;
+    unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+  }
+
+  function formatBinaryGrouped() {
+    let s = "";
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      s += bits[i] ? "1" : "0";
+      const posFromRight = (bitCount - i);
+      if (i !== 0 && posFromRight % 4 === 0) s += " ";
+    }
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  function updateModeHint() {
+    if (!modeHint) return;
+    modeHint.textContent = isTwosMode()
+      ? "Tip: In two’s complement, the left-most bit (MSB) represents a negative value."
+      : "Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.";
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BUILD UI (BITS)
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function buildBits(count) {
+    bitCount = clampInt(count, 1, 64);
+    if (bitsInput) bitsInput.value = String(bitCount);
+
+    const oldBits = bits.slice();
+    bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(false);
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(oldBits.length, bitCount); i++) bits[i] = oldBits[i];
+
+    bitsGrid.innerHTML = "";
+
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const bitEl = document.createElement("div");
+      bitEl.className = "bit";
+      bitEl.innerHTML = `
+        <div class="bulb" id="bulb-${i}" aria-hidden="true">💡</div>
+        <div class="bitVal" id="bitLabel-${i}"></div>
+        <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle bit ${i}">
+          <input type="checkbox" data-index="${i}">
+          <span class="slider"></span>
+        </label>
+      `;
+      bitsGrid.appendChild(bitEl);
+    }
+
+    bitsGrid.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach((input) => {
+      input.addEventListener("change", () => {
+        const i = Number(input.dataset.index);
+        bits[i] = input.checked;
+        updateUI();
+      });
+    });
+
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     UI UPDATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function updateBitLabels() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const label = document.getElementById(`bitLabel-${i}`);
+      if (!label) continue;
+
+      // Keep label on ONE LINE (no wrapping)
+      label.style.whiteSpace = "nowrap";
+
+      if (isTwosMode() && i === bitCount - 1) {
+        label.textContent = `-${pow2Big(bitCount - 1).toString()}`;
+      } else {
+        label.textContent = pow2Big(i).toString();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function syncSwitchesToBits() {
+    bitsGrid.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach((input) => {
+      const i = Number(input.dataset.index);
+      input.checked = !!bits[i];
+    });
+  }
+
+  function updateBulbs() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const bulb = document.getElementById(`bulb-${i}`);
+      if (!bulb) continue;
+      bulb.classList.toggle("on", bits[i] === true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function updateReadout() {
+    if (!denaryEl || !binaryEl) return;
+    denaryEl.textContent = (isTwosMode() ? bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() : bitsToUnsignedBigInt()).toString();
+    binaryEl.textContent = formatBinaryGrouped();
+  }
+
+  function updateUI() {
+    updateModeHint();
+    updateBitLabels();
+    syncSwitchesToBits();
+    updateBulbs();
+    updateReadout();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     INPUT SETTERS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setFromBinaryString(binStr) {
+    const clean = String(binStr ?? "").replace(/\s+/g, "");
+    if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean)) return false;
+    const padded = clean.slice(-bitCount).padStart(bitCount, "0");
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const charFromRight = padded[padded.length - 1 - i];
+      bits[i] = charFromRight === "1";
+    }
+    updateUI();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  function setFromDenaryInput(vStr) {
+    const raw = String(vStr ?? "").trim();
+    if (!raw) return false;
+
+    let v;
+    try {
+      if (!/^-?\d+$/.test(raw)) return false;
+      v = BigInt(raw);
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      if (v < min || v > max) return false;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      if (v < 0n) return false;
+      if (v > unsignedMaxValue(bitCount)) return false;
+      unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+    }
+
+    updateUI();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     SHIFTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function shiftLeft() {
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 1; i--) bits[i] = bits[i - 1];
+    bits[0] = false;
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function shiftRight() {
+    // Unsigned: logical right shift (MSB becomes 0)
+    // Two's complement: arithmetic right shift (MSB preserved)
+    const msb = bits[bitCount - 1];
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount - 1; i++) bits[i] = bits[i + 1];
+
+    bits[bitCount - 1] = isTwosMode() ? msb : false;
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     CLEAR / INC / DEC
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clearAll() {
+    bits.fill(false);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function increment() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      let v = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() + 1n;
+      if (v > max) v = min;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+      const v = (bitsToUnsignedBigInt() + 1n) % span;
+      unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function decrement() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      let v = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() - 1n;
+      if (v < min) v = max;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+      const v = (bitsToUnsignedBigInt() - 1n + span) % span;
+      unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     RANDOM (with running pulse + longer run)
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function cryptoRandomBigInt(maxExclusive) {
+    if (maxExclusive <= 0n) return 0n;
+
+    const bitLen = maxExclusive.toString(2).length;
+    const byteLen = Math.ceil(bitLen / 8);
+
+    while (true) {
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(byteLen);
+      crypto.getRandomValues(bytes);
+
+      let x = 0n;
+      for (const b of bytes) x = (x << 8n) | BigInt(b);
+
+      const extraBits = BigInt(byteLen * 8 - bitLen);
+      if (extraBits > 0n) x = x >> extraBits;
+
+      if (x < maxExclusive) return x;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function setRandomOnce() {
+    const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount); // 2^n
+    const u = cryptoRandomBigInt(span);
+    unsignedBigIntToBits(u);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function runRandomBriefly() {
+    if (randomTimer) {
+      clearInterval(randomTimer);
+      randomTimer = null;
+    }
+
+    // pulse while running
+    btnRandom?.classList.add("is-running");
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    const durationMs = 1125; // 25% longer than 900ms
+    const tickMs = 80;
+
+    randomTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      setRandomOnce();
+      if (Date.now() - start >= durationMs) {
+        clearInterval(randomTimer);
+        randomTimer = null;
+        btnRandom?.classList.remove("is-running");
+      }
+    }, tickMs);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BIT WIDTH
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setBitWidth(n) {
+    buildBits(clampInt(n, 1, 64));
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     TOOLBOX VISIBILITY
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setToolboxVisible(isVisible) {
+    if (!toolboxPanel) return;
+    toolboxPanel.style.display = isVisible ? "flex" : "none";
+    toolboxToggle?.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(isVisible));
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     EVENTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  modeToggle?.addEventListener("change", updateUI);
+
+  btnCustomBinary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(`Enter binary (spaces allowed). Current width: ${bitCount} bits`);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    if (!setFromBinaryString(v)) alert("Invalid binary");
+  });
+
+  btnCustomDenary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(
+      isTwosMode()
+        ? `Enter denary (${twosMin(bitCount)} to ${twosMax(bitCount)}):`
+        : `Enter denary (0 to ${unsignedMaxValue(bitCount)}):`
+    );
+    if (v === null) return;
+    if (!setFromDenaryInput(v)) alert("Invalid denary for current mode/bit width");
+  });
+
+  btnShiftLeft?.addEventListener("click", shiftLeft);
+  btnShiftRight?.addEventListener("click", shiftRight);
+
+  btnInc?.addEventListener("click", increment);
+  btnDec?.addEventListener("click", decrement);
+
+  btnClear?.addEventListener("click", clearAll);
+  btnRandom?.addEventListener("click", runRandomBriefly);
+
+  btnBitsUp?.addEventListener("click", () => setBitWidth(bitCount + 1));
+  btnBitsDown?.addEventListener("click", () => setBitWidth(bitCount - 1));
+
+  bitsInput?.addEventListener("change", () => setBitWidth(Number(bitsInput.value)));
+
+  toolboxToggle?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const isOpen = toolboxToggle.getAttribute("aria-expanded") !== "false";
+    setToolboxVisible(!isOpen);
+  });
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     INIT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  updateModeHint();
+  buildBits(bitCount);
+  setToolboxVisible(true);
+})();

src/scripts/unsignedBinary.js

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-let bits = [128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1];
-let state = Array(8).fill(0);
-
-const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
-const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
-const bitEls = document.querySelectorAll(".bit");
-
-bitEls.forEach((el, i) => {
-  el.addEventListener("click", () => {
-    state[i] = state[i] ? 0 : 1;
-    el.classList.toggle("on");
-    update();
-  });
-});
-
-function update() {
-  const denary = state.reduce((sum, bit, i) => sum + bit * bits[i], 0);
-  denaryEl.textContent = denary;
-  binaryEl.textContent = state.join("");
-}
-
-function requestBinary() {
-  const input = prompt("Enter 8-bit binary:");
-  if (!/^[01]{8}$/.test(input)) return;
-  state = input.split("").map(Number);
-  bitEls.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle("on",state[i]));
-  update();
-}
-
-function requestDenary() {
-  const input = parseInt(prompt("Enter denary (0–255)"),10);
-  if (isNaN(input) || input < 0 || input > 255) return;
-
-  let value = input;
-  state = bits.map(b => {
-    if (value >= b) {
-      value -= b;
-      return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-  });
-
-  bitEls.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle("on",state[i]));
-  update();
-}
-
-function shiftBinary(dir) {
-  if (dir === "left") state.shift(), state.push(0);
-  if (dir === "right") state.pop(), state.unshift(0);
-  bitEls.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle("on",state[i]));
-  update();
-}
-
-update();

src/src/assets/astro.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" width="115" height="48"><path fill="#17191E" d="M7.77 36.35C6.4 35.11 6 32.51 6.57 30.62c.99 1.2 2.35 1.57 3.75 1.78 2.18.33 4.31.2 6.33-.78.23-.12.44-.27.7-.42.18.55.23 1.1.17 1.67a4.56 4.56 0 0 1-1.94 3.23c-.43.32-.9.61-1.34.91-1.38.94-1.76 2.03-1.24 3.62l.05.17a3.63 3.63 0 0 1-1.6-1.38 3.87 3.87 0 0 1-.63-2.1c0-.37 0-.74-.05-1.1-.13-.9-.55-1.3-1.33-1.32a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-1.63 1.26c0 .06-.03.12-.05.2Z"/><path fill="url(#a)" d="M7.77 36.35C6.4 35.11 6 32.51 6.57 30.62c.99 1.2 2.35 1.57 3.75 1.78 2.18.33 4.31.2 6.33-.78.23-.12.44-.27.7-.42.18.55.23 1.1.17 1.67a4.56 4.56 0 0 1-1.94 3.23c-.43.32-.9.61-1.34.91-1.38.94-1.76 2.03-1.24 3.62l.05.17a3.63 3.63 0 0 1-1.6-1.38 3.87 3.87 0 0 1-.63-2.1c0-.37 0-.74-.05-1.1-.13-.9-.55-1.3-1.33-1.32a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-1.63 1.26c0 .06-.03.12-.05.2Z"/><path fill="#17191E" d="M.02 30.31s4.02-1.95 8.05-1.95l3.04-9.4c.11-.45.44-.76.82-.76.37 0 .7.31.82.76l3.04 9.4c4.77 0 8.05 1.95 8.05 1.95L17 11.71c-.2-.56-.53-.91-.98-.91H7.83c-.44 0-.76.35-.97.9L.02 30.31Zm42.37-5.97c0 1.64-2.05 2.62-4.88 2.62-1.85 0-2.5-.45-2.5-1.41 0-1 .8-1.49 2.65-1.49 1.67 0 3.09.03 4.73.23v.05Zm.03-2.04a21.37 21.37 0 0 0-4.37-.36c-5.32 0-7.82 1.25-7.82 4.18 0 3.04 1.71 4.2 5.68 4.2 3.35 0 5.63-.84 6.46-2.92h.14c-.03.5-.05 1-.05 1.4 0 1.07.18 1.16 1.06 1.16h4.15a16.9 16.9 0 0 1-.36-4c0-1.67.06-2.93.06-4.62 0-3.45-2.07-5.64-8.56-5.64-2.8 0-5.9.48-8.26 1.19.22.93.54 2.83.7 4.06 2.04-.96 4.95-1.37 7.2-1.37 3.11 0 3.97.71 3.97 2.15v.57Zm11.37 3c-.56.07-1.33.07-2.12.07-.83 0-1.6-.03-2.12-.1l-.02.58c0 2.85 1.87 4.52 8.45 4.52 6.2 0 8.2-1.64 8.2-4.55 0-2.74-1.33-4.09-7.2-4.39-4.58-.2-4.99-.7-4.99-1.28 0-.66.59-1 3.65-1 3.18 0 4.03.43 4.03 1.35v.2a46.13 46.13 0 0 1 4.24.03l.02-.55c0-3.36-2.8-4.46-8.2-4.46-6.08 0-8.13 1.49-8.13 4.39 0 2.6 1.64 4.23 7.48 4.48 4.3.14 4.77.62 4.77 1.28 0 .7-.7 1.03-3.71 1.03-3.47 0-4.35-.48-4.35-1.47v-.13Zm19.82-12.05a17.5 17.5 0 0 1-6.24 3.48c.03.84.03 2.4.03 3.24l1.5.02c-.02 1.63-.04 3.6-.04 4.9 0 3.04 1.6 5.32 6.58 5.32 2.1 0 3.5-.23 5.23-.6a43.77 43.77 0 0 1-.46-4.13c-1.03.34-2.34.53-3.78.53-2 0-2.82-.55-2.82-2.13 0-1.37 0-2.65.03-3.84 2.57.02 5.13.07 6.64.11-.02-1.18.03-2.9.1-4.04-2.2.04-4.65.07-6.68.07l.07-2.93h-.16Zm13.46 6.04a767.33 767.33 0 0 1 .07-3.18H82.6c.07 1.96.07 3.98.07 6.92 0 2.95-.03 4.99-.07 6.93h5.18c-.09-1.37-.11-3.68-.11-5.65 0-3.1 1.26-4 4.12-4 1.33 0 2.28.16 3.1.46.03-1.16.26-3.43.4-4.43-.86-.25-1.81-.41-2.96-.41-2.46-.03-4.26.98-5.1 3.38l-.17-.02Zm22.55 3.65c0 2.5-1.8 3.66-4.64 3.66-2.81 0-4.61-1.1-4.61-3.66s1.82-3.52 4.61-3.52c2.82 0 4.64 1.03 4.64 3.52Zm4.71-.11c0-4.96-3.87-7.18-9.35-7.18-5.5 0-9.23 2.22-9.23 7.18 0 4.94 3.49 7.59 9.21 7.59 5.77 0 9.37-2.65 9.37-7.6Z"/><defs><linearGradient id="a" x1="6.33" x2="19.43" y1="40.8" y2="34.6" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop stop-color="#D83333"/><stop offset="1" stop-color="#F041FF"/></linearGradient></defs></svg>

src/src/assets/background.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1440" height="1024" fill="none"><path fill="url(#a)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M-217.58 475.75c91.82-72.02 225.52-29.38 341.2-44.74C240 415.56 372.33 315.14 466.77 384.9c102.9 76.02 44.74 246.76 90.31 366.31 29.83 78.24 90.48 136.14 129.48 210.23 57.92 109.99 169.67 208.23 155.9 331.77-13.52 121.26-103.42 264.33-224.23 281.37-141.96 20.03-232.72-220.96-374.06-196.99-151.7 25.73-172.68 330.24-325.85 315.72-128.6-12.2-110.9-230.73-128.15-358.76-12.16-90.14 65.87-176.25 44.1-264.57-26.42-107.2-167.12-163.46-176.72-273.45-10.15-116.29 33.01-248.75 124.87-320.79Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="opacity:.154"/><path fill="url(#b)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1103.43 115.43c146.42-19.45 275.33-155.84 413.5-103.59 188.09 71.13 409 212.64 407.06 413.88-1.94 201.25-259.28 278.6-414.96 405.96-130 106.35-240.24 294.39-405.6 265.3-163.7-28.8-161.93-274.12-284.34-386.66-134.95-124.06-436-101.46-445.82-284.6-9.68-180.38 247.41-246.3 413.54-316.9 101.01-42.93 207.83 21.06 316.62 6.61Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="opacity:.154"/><defs><linearGradient id="b" x1="373" x2="1995.44" y1="1100" y2="118.03" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop stop-color="#D83333"/><stop offset="1" stop-color="#F041FF"/></linearGradient><linearGradient id="a" x1="107.37" x2="1130.66" y1="1993.35" y2="1026.31" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop stop-color="#3245FF"/><stop offset="1" stop-color="#BC52EE"/></linearGradient></defs></svg>

src/src/components/Footer.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<footer class="siteFooter">
+  <div class="inner">
+    <div class="title">Computer Science Concept Simulators</div>
+    <div class="meta">
+      © 2025 Computing:Box · Created with 💗 by Mr Lyall<br />
+      Powered by ADCM Networks
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>
+
+<style>
+  .siteFooter{
+    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+    background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+  }
+  .inner{
+    max-width:1200px;
+    margin:0 auto;
+    padding: 18px 20px;
+    color: rgba(255,255,255,.65);
+    font-size: 12px;
+    line-height: 1.6;
+  }
+  .title{
+    color: rgba(255,255,255,.80);
+    font-weight: 800;
+    margin-bottom: 6px;
+  }
+</style>

src/src/components/Header.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<header class="siteHeader">
+  <div class="inner">
+    <div class="brand">
+      <a href="/">Computing:Box</a>
+    </div>
+
+    <nav class="nav">
+      <a href="/binary">Binary</a>
+      <a href="/hexadecimal">Hexadecimal</a>
+      <a href="/hex-colours">Hex Colours</a>
+      <a href="/logic-gates">Logic Gates</a>
+      <a href="/about">About</a>
+    </nav>
+  </div>
+</header>
+
+<style>
+  .siteHeader{
+    height: 64px;
+    display:flex;
+    align-items:center;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+    background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+    backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+  }
+  .inner{
+    max-width: 1200px;
+    width: 100%;
+    margin: 0 auto;
+    padding: 0 20px;
+    display:flex;
+    align-items:center;
+    justify-content: space-between;
+    gap: 18px;
+  }
+  .brand a{
+    color:#fff;
+    text-decoration:none;
+    font-weight: 800;
+    letter-spacing: .02em;
+  }
+  .nav{
+    display:flex;
+    gap: 16px;
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+  }
+  .nav a{
+    color: rgba(255,255,255,.78);
+    text-decoration:none;
+    font-weight: 700;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    letter-spacing:.02em;
+  }
+  .nav a:hover{
+    color:#fff;
+  }
+</style>

src/src/components/Welcome.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+---
+import astroLogo from '../assets/astro.svg';
+import background from '../assets/background.svg';
+---
+
+<div id="container">
+	<img id="background" src={background.src} alt="" fetchpriority="high" />
+	<main>
+		<section id="hero">
+			<a href="https://astro.build"
+				><img src={astroLogo.src} width="115" height="48" alt="Astro Homepage" /></a
+			>
+			<h1>
+				To get started, open the <code><pre>src/pages</pre></code> directory in your project.
+			</h1>
+			<section id="links">
+				<a class="button" href="https://docs.astro.build">Read our docs</a>
+				<a href="https://astro.build/chat"
+					>Join our Discord <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 127.14 96.36"
+						><path
+							fill="currentColor"
+							d="M107.7 8.07A105.15 105.15 0 0 0 81.47 0a72.06 72.06 0 0 0-3.36 6.83 97.68 97.68 0 0 0-29.11 0A72.37 72.37 0 0 0 45.64 0a105.89 105.89 0 0 0-26.25 8.09C2.79 32.65-1.71 56.6.54 80.21a105.73 105.73 0 0 0 32.17 16.15 77.7 77.7 0 0 0 6.89-11.11 68.42 68.42 0 0 1-10.85-5.18c.91-.66 1.8-1.34 2.66-2a75.57 75.57 0 0 0 64.32 0c.87.71 1.76 1.39 2.66 2a68.68 68.68 0 0 1-10.87 5.19 77 77 0 0 0 6.89 11.1 105.25 105.25 0 0 0 32.19-16.14c2.64-27.38-4.51-51.11-18.9-72.15ZM42.45 65.69C36.18 65.69 31 60 31 53s5-12.74 11.43-12.74S54 46 53.89 53s-5.05 12.69-11.44 12.69Zm42.24 0C78.41 65.69 73.25 60 73.25 53s5-12.74 11.44-12.74S96.23 46 96.12 53s-5.04 12.69-11.43 12.69Z"
+						></path></svg
+					>
+				</a>
+			</section>
+		</section>
+	</main>
+
+	<a href="https://astro.build/blog/astro-5/" id="news" class="box">
+		<svg width="32" height="32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+			><path
+				d="M24.667 12c1.333 1.414 2 3.192 2 5.334 0 4.62-4.934 5.7-7.334 12C18.444 28.567 18 27.456 18 26c0-4.642 6.667-7.053 6.667-14Zm-5.334-5.333c1.6 1.65 2.4 3.43 2.4 5.333 0 6.602-8.06 7.59-6.4 17.334C13.111 27.787 12 25.564 12 22.666c0-4.434 7.333-8 7.333-16Zm-6-5.333C15.111 3.555 16 5.556 16 7.333c0 8.333-11.333 10.962-5.333 22-3.488-.774-6-4-6-8 0-8.667 8.666-10 8.666-20Z"
+				fill="#111827"></path></svg
+		>
+		<h2>What's New in Astro 5.0?</h2>
+		<p>
+			From content layers to server islands, click to learn more about the new features and
+			improvements in Astro 5.0
+		</p>
+	</a>
+</div>
+
+<style>
+	#background {
+		position: fixed;
+		top: 0;
+		left: 0;
+		width: 100%;
+		height: 100%;
+		z-index: -1;
+		filter: blur(100px);
+	}
+
+	#container {
+		font-family: Inter, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Arial Nova', 'Nimbus Sans', Arial, sans-serif;
+		height: 100%;
+	}
+
+	main {
+		height: 100%;
+		display: flex;
+		justify-content: center;
+	}
+
+	#hero {
+		display: flex;
+		align-items: start;
+		flex-direction: column;
+		justify-content: center;
+		padding: 16px;
+	}
+
+	h1 {
+		font-size: 22px;
+		margin-top: 0.25em;
+	}
+
+	#links {
+		display: flex;
+		gap: 16px;
+	}
+
+	#links a {
+		display: flex;
+		align-items: center;
+		padding: 10px 12px;
+		color: #111827;
+		text-decoration: none;
+		transition: color 0.2s;
+	}
+
+	#links a:hover {
+		color: rgb(78, 80, 86);
+	}
+
+	#links a svg {
+		height: 1em;
+		margin-left: 8px;
+	}
+
+	#links a.button {
+		color: white;
+		background: linear-gradient(83.21deg, #3245ff 0%, #bc52ee 100%);
+		box-shadow:
+			inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12),
+			inset 0 -2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
+		border-radius: 10px;
+	}
+
+	#links a.button:hover {
+		color: rgb(230, 230, 230);
+		box-shadow: none;
+	}
+
+	pre {
+		font-family:
+			ui-monospace, 'Cascadia Code', 'Source Code Pro', Menlo, Consolas, 'DejaVu Sans Mono',
+			monospace;
+		font-weight: normal;
+		background: linear-gradient(14deg, #d83333 0%, #f041ff 100%);
+		-webkit-background-clip: text;
+		-webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
+		background-clip: text;
+		margin: 0;
+	}
+
+	h2 {
+		margin: 0 0 1em;
+		font-weight: normal;
+		color: #111827;
+		font-size: 20px;
+	}
+
+	p {
+		color: #4b5563;
+		font-size: 16px;
+		line-height: 24px;
+		letter-spacing: -0.006em;
+		margin: 0;
+	}
+
+	code {
+		display: inline-block;
+		background:
+			linear-gradient(66.77deg, #f3cddd 0%, #f5cee7 100%) padding-box,
+			linear-gradient(155deg, #d83333 0%, #f041ff 18%, #f5cee7 45%) border-box;
+		border-radius: 8px;
+		border: 1px solid transparent;
+		padding: 6px 8px;
+	}
+
+	.box {
+		padding: 16px;
+		background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
+		border-radius: 16px;
+		border: 1px solid white;
+	}
+
+	#news {
+		position: absolute;
+		bottom: 16px;
+		right: 16px;
+		max-width: 300px;
+		text-decoration: none;
+		transition: background 0.2s;
+		backdrop-filter: blur(50px);
+	}
+
+	#news:hover {
+		background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55);
+	}
+
+	@media screen and (max-height: 368px) {
+		#news {
+			display: none;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+		#container {
+			display: flex;
+			flex-direction: column;
+		}
+
+		#hero {
+			display: block;
+			padding-top: 10%;
+		}
+
+		#links {
+			flex-wrap: wrap;
+		}
+
+		#links a.button {
+			padding: 14px 18px;
+		}
+
+		#news {
+			right: 16px;
+			left: 16px;
+			bottom: 2.5rem;
+			max-width: 100%;
+		}
+
+		h1 {
+			line-height: 1.5;
+		}
+	}
+</style>

src/src/components/simulators/HexSimulator.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+---
+import "./hex/hex-simulator.css";
+---
+
+<section class="hex-sim" data-hex-sim>
+  <div class="hex-main">
+    <div class="hex-readout">
+      <div class="hex-label">DENARY</div>
+      <div class="hex-number" data-out="denary">0</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-label hex-mt">HEXADECIMAL</div>
+      <div class="hex-number hex-number--small" data-out="hex">00</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-label hex-mt">BINARY</div>
+      <div class="hex-number hex-number--tiny" data-out="bin">0000 0000</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-divider"></div>
+
+    <div class="hex-digits" data-out="digitsRow"></div>
+  </div>
+
+  <!-- Toolbox button -->
+  <button class="hex-toolbox-btn" type="button" data-action="toggleToolbox" aria-controls="hex-toolbox" aria-expanded="true">
+    <span class="hex-toolbox-icon" aria-hidden="true">
+      <!-- toolbox icon -->
+      <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="18" height="18" fill="none">
+        <path d="M9 7V6a3 3 0 0 1 6 0v1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+        <path d="M4 9h16l-1.3 10.4A2 2 0 0 1 16.7 21H7.3a2 2 0 0 1-1.98-1.6L4 9Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+        <path d="M10 13h4" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+      </svg>
+    </span>
+    TOOLBOX
+  </button>
+
+  <!-- Toolbox panel -->
+  <aside class="hex-toolbox is-open" id="hex-toolbox" data-out="toolbox">
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">SETTINGS</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-setting-title">HEX DIGIT WIDTH</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-width">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsMinus">−</button>
+
+        <div class="hex-width-readout">
+          <div class="hex-width-label">DIGITS</div>
+          <div class="hex-width-number" data-out="digitsCount">2</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square" type="button" data-action="digitsPlus">+</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-hint" data-out="bitsHint">= 8 bits</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">CUSTOM NUMBER</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-grid-2">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customHex">Custom Hexadecimal</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customDenary">Custom Denary</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Custom Binary + Random on SAME row, same size -->
+      <div class="hex-grid-2 hex-mt-sm">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="customBinary">Custom Binary</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--random" type="button" data-action="random" data-random>Random</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-tiny-note">RANDOM RUNS BRIEFLY THEN STOPS AUTOMATICALLY.</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="hex-panel">
+      <div class="hex-panel-title">TOOLS</div>
+
+      <div class="hex-tools-top">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="decrement" title="Decrement">▼</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="increment" title="Increment">▲</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--wide hex-btn--reset" type="button" data-action="reset">Reset</button>
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+
+  <!-- Custom number dialog -->
+  <dialog class="hex-dialog" data-out="dialog">
+    <div class="hex-dialog-card">
+      <div class="hex-dialog-title" data-out="dialogTitle">Custom</div>
+
+      <input class="hex-dialog-input hex-font-mono" data-out="dialogInput" />
+
+      <div class="hex-dialog-hint" data-out="dialogHint"></div>
+      <div class="hex-dialog-error" data-out="dialogError" aria-live="polite"></div>
+
+      <div class="hex-dialog-actions">
+        <button class="hex-btn" type="button" data-action="dialogCancel">Cancel</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--green" type="button" data-action="dialogApply">Apply</button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </dialog>
+
+  <script type="module" src="/src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts"></script>
+</section>

src/src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.css

@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/* ================= Fonts to match Binary ================= */
+/* Adjust paths to wherever you store fonts (commonly /public/fonts/...) */
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic";
+  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.woff") format("woff"),
+       url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+@font-face {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment";
+  src: url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff2") format("woff2"),
+       url("/fonts/Seven-Segment.woff") format("woff");
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+
+.hex-sim {
+  min-height: 100vh;
+  background: #14151c;
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  padding: 28px;
+}
+
+.hex-font-number { font-family: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, monospace; }
+.hex-font-mono   { font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace; }
+
+.hex-main { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; width: 100%; padding-top: 40px; }
+
+.hex-readout { text-align: center; }
+.hex-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+.hex-mt { margin-top: 12px; }
+
+.hex-number {
+  font-family: "DSEG7Classic", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 76px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  color: #46ff8a;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.18);
+}
+.hex-number--small { font-size: 64px; }
+.hex-number--tiny  { font-size: 54px; letter-spacing: 6px; }
+
+.hex-divider {
+  margin: 26px auto 18px;
+  height: 1px;
+  width: min(760px, 90%);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+}
+
+/* ================= Main digit columns ================= */
+.hex-digits {
+  margin-top: 18px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 18px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-col {
+  width: 160px;
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 12px;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 10px;
+  justify-items: center;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-controls {
+  width: 100%;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+}
+
+.hex-digit-char {
+  font-size: 64px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  color: #46ff8a;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.18);
+}
+
+.hex-digit-place {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+}
+
+/* ================= Bulbs (brightness changes) ================= */
+.hex-bulbs {
+  width: 100%;
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: end;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb {
+  display: grid;
+  justify-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  opacity: 0.35;
+  filter: grayscale(30%);
+  transition: opacity 160ms ease, filter 160ms ease;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-cap {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.22);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-glow {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 10px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: rgba(70,255,138,0.0);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(70,255,138,0.0);
+  transition: background 160ms ease, box-shadow 160ms ease;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb .hex-bulb-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  opacity: 0.8;
+}
+
+.hex-bulb.is-on {
+  opacity: 1;
+  filter: none;
+}
+.hex-bulb.is-on .hex-bulb-cap {
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.35);
+}
+.hex-bulb.is-on .hex-bulb-glow {
+  background: rgba(70,255,138,0.25);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(70,255,138,0.35);
+}
+
+/* ================= Buttons (toolbox style reused everywhere) ================= */
+.hex-btn {
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, sans-serif;
+}
+.hex-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
+
+.hex-btn--square {
+  width: 48px;
+  height: 48px;
+  padding: 0;
+  display: grid;
+  place-items: center;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+
+.hex-btn--wide { width: 100%; }
+
+.hex-btn--green {
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(46,200,120,0.35);
+}
+.hex-btn--green:hover { background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.26); }
+
+.hex-btn--green2 {
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(46,200,120,0.35);
+}
+
+.hex-btn--red {
+  background: rgba(220, 60, 70, 0.18);
+  border-color: rgba(220,60,70,0.35);
+}
+
+/* Random = green pulse while running */
+.hex-btn--random.is-running {
+  border-color: rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.55);
+  background: rgba(46, 200, 120, 0.22);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.35);
+  animation: hexPulseGreen 900ms ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes hexPulseGreen {
+  0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 14px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.25); }
+  50% { box-shadow: 0 0 26px rgba(80, 255, 160, 0.45); }
+}
+
+/* Reset = red background + pulse on hover */
+.hex-btn--reset:hover {
+  background: rgba(220, 60, 70, 0.28);
+  border-color: rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.55);
+  animation: hexPulseRed 900ms ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes hexPulseRed {
+  0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 12px rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.20); }
+  50% { box-shadow: 0 0 22px rgba(255, 80, 90, 0.38); }
+}
+
+/* ================= Toolbox button + panel (slide) ================= */
+.hex-toolbox-btn {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 88px;
+  right: 28px;
+  z-index: 30;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.hex-toolbox-icon {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  color: #ff4fa6;
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 10px rgba(255,79,166,0.35));
+}
+
+.hex-toolbox {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 140px;
+  right: 28px;
+  width: 340px;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 14px;
+  z-index: 25;
+
+  transform: translateX(0);
+  opacity: 1;
+  transition: transform 220ms ease, opacity 220ms ease;
+}
+.hex-toolbox:not(.is-open) {
+  transform: translateX(380px);
+  opacity: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.hex-panel {
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.04);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 14px;
+}
+.hex-panel-title {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.hex-setting-title { font-weight: 900; opacity: 0.9; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+
+.hex-width {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr 48px;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+.hex-width-readout {
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.22);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: baseline;
+}
+.hex-width-label {
+  font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+.hex-width-number { font-size: 30px; font-weight: 900; color: #46ff8a; }
+
+.hex-hint { margin-top: 8px; opacity: 0.65; font-size: 12px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+.hex-grid-2 { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 10px; }
+.hex-mt-sm { margin-top: 10px; }
+
+.hex-tools-top { display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+.hex-tiny-note { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 11px; opacity: 0.6; letter-spacing: 1px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+/* ================= Dialog ================= */
+.hex-dialog { border: none; padding: 0; background: transparent; }
+.hex-dialog::backdrop { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.55); }
+
+.hex-dialog-card {
+  width: min(560px, 92vw);
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  background: #1a1b24;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12);
+  padding: 16px;
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+}
+
+.hex-dialog-title { font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+
+.hex-dialog-input {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 12px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.25);
+  color: #e7e8ee;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+
+.hex-dialog-hint { margin-top: 10px; opacity: 0.7; font-size: 13px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+.hex-dialog-error { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 13px; color: #ff6b6b; min-height: 18px; font-family: "SevenSegment", ui-sans-serif, system-ui; }
+.hex-dialog-actions { margin-top: 14px; display: flex; gap: 10px; justify-content: flex-end; }
+
+@media (max-width: 900px) {
+  .hex-toolbox { width: min(360px, 92vw); right: 16px; }
+  .hex-toolbox-btn { right: 16px; }
+  .hex-number { font-size: 60px; }
+  .hex-number--tiny { font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: 4px; }
+}

src/src/components/simulators/hex/hex-simulator.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+type DialogMode = "hex" | "den" | "bin";
+
+const root = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>("[data-hex-sim]");
+if (!root) throw new Error("Hex simulator root not found");
+
+const outDen = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="denary"]')!;
+const outHex = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="hex"]')!;
+const outBin = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="bin"]')!;
+const outDigitsRow = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="digitsRow"]')!;
+
+const toolbox = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="toolbox"]')!;
+const toolboxBtn = root.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="toggleToolbox"]')!;
+const digitsCount = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="digitsCount"]')!;
+const bitsHint = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="bitsHint"]')!;
+const randomBtn = root.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-random]")!;
+
+const dialog = root.querySelector<HTMLDialogElement>('[data-out="dialog"]')!;
+const dialogTitle = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogTitle"]')!;
+const dialogInput = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('[data-out="dialogInput"]')!;
+const dialogHint = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogHint"]')!;
+const dialogError = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-out="dialogError"]')!;
+
+let digits = 2;        // 1..8
+let value = 0;         // unsigned denary
+let randomTimer: number | null = null;
+let dialogMode: DialogMode | null = null;
+
+const clamp = (n: number, min: number, max: number) => Math.min(max, Math.max(min, n));
+const maxForDigits = (d: number) => (16 ** d) - 1;
+
+const padHex = (n: number, d: number) => n.toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(d, "0");
+const padBin = (n: number, b: number) => n.toString(2).padStart(b, "0");
+const groupBin = (b: string) => b.replace(/(.{4})/g, "$1 ").trim();
+
+function stopRandom(): void {
+  if (randomTimer !== null) window.clearInterval(randomTimer);
+  randomTimer = null;
+  randomBtn.classList.remove("is-running");
+}
+
+function startRandom(): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  const max = maxForDigits(digits);
+  const start = Date.now();
+
+  randomBtn.classList.add("is-running");
+
+  randomTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
+    value = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max + 1));
+    render();
+    if (Date.now() - start > 1600) stopRandom();
+  }, 90);
+}
+
+function render(): void {
+  const bits = digits * 4;
+
+  digitsCount.textContent = String(digits);
+  bitsHint.textContent = `= ${bits} bits`;
+
+  outDen.textContent = String(value);
+  outHex.textContent = padHex(value, digits);
+  outBin.textContent = groupBin(padBin(value, bits));
+
+  renderDigitsRow();
+}
+
+function renderDigitsRow(): void {
+  const hex = padHex(value, digits);
+  outDigitsRow.innerHTML = "";
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < digits; i++) {
+    const pow = digits - 1 - i;
+    const placeValue = 16 ** pow;
+
+    const digitChar = hex[i];
+    const digitVal = parseInt(digitChar, 16);
+    const nibbleBits = [(digitVal >> 3) & 1, (digitVal >> 2) & 1, (digitVal >> 1) & 1, digitVal & 1]; // 8 4 2 1
+
+    const col = document.createElement("div");
+    col.className = "hex-digit-col";
+    col.innerHTML = `
+      <div class="hex-digit-controls">
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--green2" type="button" data-action="digitUp" data-i="${i}" title="Increase">▲</button>
+        <button class="hex-btn hex-btn--square hex-btn--red" type="button" data-action="digitDown" data-i="${i}" title="Decrease">▼</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-digit-char hex-font-number">${digitChar}</div>
+
+      <!-- bulbs: brightness changes based on nibble bits -->
+      <div class="hex-bulbs" aria-label="Nibble bits">
+        ${[8,4,2,1].map((w, idx) => {
+          const on = nibbleBits[idx] === 1;
+          return `
+            <div class="hex-bulb ${on ? "is-on" : ""}">
+              <div class="hex-bulb-cap"></div>
+              <div class="hex-bulb-glow"></div>
+              <div class="hex-bulb-label">${w}</div>
+            </div>
+          `;
+        }).join("")}
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="hex-digit-place">${placeValue}</div>
+    `;
+    outDigitsRow.appendChild(col);
+  }
+}
+
+function openDialog(mode: DialogMode): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  dialogMode = mode;
+
+  dialogError.textContent = "";
+  dialogInput.value = "";
+
+  if (mode === "hex") {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Hexadecimal";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter 1–${digits} hex digit(s) (0–9, A–F).`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "A1";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "text";
+  } else if (mode === "den") {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Denary";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter a whole number from 0 to ${maxForDigits(digits)}.`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "42";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "numeric";
+  } else {
+    dialogTitle.textContent = "Custom Binary";
+    dialogHint.textContent = `Enter up to ${digits * 4} bit(s) using 0 and 1.`;
+    dialogInput.placeholder = "00101010";
+    dialogInput.inputMode = "text";
+  }
+
+  dialog.showModal();
+  window.setTimeout(() => dialogInput.focus(), 0);
+}
+
+function closeDialog(): void {
+  dialogMode = null;
+  dialogError.textContent = "";
+  if (dialog.open) dialog.close();
+}
+
+function applyDialog(): void {
+  const raw = (dialogInput.value || "").trim();
+  if (!dialogMode) return closeDialog();
+  if (raw.length === 0) return closeDialog();
+
+  const max = maxForDigits(digits);
+  const bits = digits * 4;
+
+  if (dialogMode === "hex") {
+    const v = raw.toUpperCase();
+    if (!/^[0-9A-F]+$/.test(v)) { dialogError.textContent = "Hex must use 0–9 and A–F only."; return; }
+    if (v.length > digits) { dialogError.textContent = `Max length is ${digits} hex digit(s).`; return; }
+    value = clamp(parseInt(v, 16), 0, max);
+    render();
+    return closeDialog();
+  }
+
+  if (dialogMode === "den") {
+    if (!/^\d+$/.test(raw)) { dialogError.textContent = "Denary must be whole numbers only."; return; }
+    const n = Number(raw);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) { dialogError.textContent = "Invalid number."; return; }
+    value = clamp(n, 0, max);
+    render();
+    return closeDialog();
+  }
+
+  // bin
+  if (!/^[01]+$/.test(raw)) { dialogError.textContent = "Binary must use 0 and 1 only."; return; }
+  if (raw.length > bits) { dialogError.textContent = `Max length is ${bits} bit(s).`; return; }
+  value = clamp(parseInt(raw, 2), 0, max);
+  render();
+  return closeDialog();
+}
+
+function applyDigitDelta(i: number, delta: number): void {
+  stopRandom();
+  const hexArr = padHex(value, digits).split("");
+  let v = parseInt(hexArr[i], 16);
+  v = (v + delta) % 16;
+  if (v < 0) v += 16;
+  hexArr[i] = v.toString(16).toUpperCase();
+  value = clamp(parseInt(hexArr.join(""), 16), 0, maxForDigits(digits));
+  render();
+}
+
+// dialog cancel / backdrop
+dialog.addEventListener("cancel", (e) => { e.preventDefault(); closeDialog(); });
+dialog.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+  const card = dialog.querySelector(".hex-dialog-card");
+  if (card && !card.contains(e.target as Node)) closeDialog();
+});
+dialogInput.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
+  if (e.key === "Enter") applyDialog();
+  if (e.key === "Escape") closeDialog();
+});
+
+// main click handler
+root.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+  const btn = (e.target as HTMLElement).closest<HTMLElement>("[data-action]");
+  if (!btn) return;
+  const action = btn.getAttribute("data-action")!;
+
+  if (action === "toggleToolbox") {
+    toolbox.classList.toggle("is-open");
+    toolboxBtn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", toolbox.classList.contains("is-open") ? "true" : "false");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (action === "digitsMinus") { digits = clamp(digits - 1, 1, 8); value = clamp(value, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+  if (action === "digitsPlus")  { digits = clamp(digits + 1, 1, 8); value = clamp(value, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+
+  if (action === "increment") { stopRandom(); value = clamp(value + 1, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+  if (action === "decrement") { stopRandom(); value = clamp(value - 1, 0, maxForDigits(digits)); return render(); }
+
+  if (action === "reset")     { stopRandom(); value = 0; return render(); }
+  if (action === "random")    { return startRandom(); }
+
+  if (action === "customHex")    return openDialog("hex");
+  if (action === "customDenary") return openDialog("den");
+  if (action === "customBinary") return openDialog("bin");
+
+  if (action === "dialogCancel") return closeDialog();
+  if (action === "dialogApply")  return applyDialog();
+
+  if (action === "digitUp")   return applyDigitDelta(Number(btn.getAttribute("data-i")), +1);
+  if (action === "digitDown") return applyDigitDelta(Number(btn.getAttribute("data-i")), -1);
+});
+
+render();

src/src/layouts/BaseLayout.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+---
+const { title = "Computing:Box" } = Astro.props;
+---
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>{title}</title>
+
+    <style>
+      :root{
+        --nav-h: 108px; /* 3x-ish height */
+        --bg: #1f2027;
+        --text: #e8e8ee;
+        --muted: #a9acb8;
+        --line: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+      }
+
+      body{
+        margin:0;
+        background:var(--bg);
+        color:var(--text);
+      }
+
+      .siteNav{
+        position: sticky;
+        top: 0;
+        z-index: 50;
+        height: var(--nav-h);
+        background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
+        backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+      }
+
+      .navInner{
+        height: 100%;
+        max-width: 1400px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        padding: 0 20px;
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        justify-content: space-between;
+        gap: 24px;
+      }
+
+      .brand{
+        display:flex;
+        align-items:center;
+        gap:12px;
+        text-decoration:none;
+        color:var(--text);
+      }
+
+      .brandLogo{
+        width: 2em;
+        height: 2em;
+        image-rendering: pixelated;
+      }
+
+      .brandName{
+        letter-spacing: .12em;
+        font-weight: 900;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+        font-size: 18px;
+      }
+
+      .navLinks{
+        display:flex;
+        align-items:center;
+        gap:18px;
+        flex-wrap:wrap;
+      }
+
+      .navLinks a{
+        color: var(--muted);
+        text-decoration: none;
+        font-weight: 800;
+        letter-spacing: .12em;
+        font-size: 16px;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+      }
+
+      .navLinks a:hover{
+        color: var(--text);
+      }
+
+      .pageWrap{
+        max-width: 1400px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <header class="siteNav">
+      <div class="navInner">
+        <a class="brand" href="/">
+          <img class="brandLogo" src="/images/computing-box-logo.svg" alt="Computing:Box logo" />
+          <span class="brandName">COMPUTING:BOX</span>
+        </a>
+
+        <nav class="navLinks" aria-label="Site navigation">
+          <a href="/about">ABOUT</a>
+          <a href="/binary">BINARY</a>
+          <a href="/hexadecimal">HEXADECIMAL</a>
+          <a href="/hex-colours">HEX COLOURS</a>
+          <a href="/logic-gates">LOGIC GATES</a>
+        </nav>
+      </div>
+    </header>
+
+    <main class="pageWrap">
+      <slot />
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>

src/src/layouts/Layout.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+	<head>
+		<meta charset="UTF-8" />
+		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
+		<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
+		<meta name="generator" content={Astro.generator} />
+		<title>Astro Basics</title>
+	</head>
+	<body>
+		<slot />
+	</body>
+</html>
+
+<style>
+	html,
+	body {
+		margin: 0;
+		width: 100%;
+		height: 100%;
+	}
+</style>

src/src/pages/binary.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+---
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+import "../styles/binary.css";
+---
+
+<BaseLayout title="Binary Simulator">
+  <main class="wrap">
+    <!-- Toolbox toggle sits below navbar (navbar is in BaseLayout) -->
+    <button id="toolboxToggle" class="toolboxToggle" type="button" aria-expanded="true">
+      <span class="toolboxIcon" aria-hidden="true">🧰</span>
+      <span class="toolboxText">TOOLBOX</span>
+    </button>
+
+    <section class="topGrid">
+      <!-- LEFT -->
+      <div class="mainCol">
+        <div class="readout">
+          <div class="label">Denary</div>
+          <div id="denaryNumber" class="num denaryValue">0</div>
+
+          <div class="label">Binary</div>
+          <!-- NOTE: JS writes exact bit-width here, so initial value doesn't matter much -->
+          <div id="binaryNumber" class="num binaryValue">00000000</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="divider"></div>
+
+        <section class="bitsWrap" aria-label="Bit switches">
+          <div class="bitsGrid" id="bitsGrid"></div>
+        </section>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- RIGHT (Toolbox panel) -->
+      <aside id="toolboxPanel" class="panelCol" aria-label="Toolbox">
+        <!-- Settings -->
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Settings</div>
+
+          <div class="toggleRow">
+            <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblUnsigned">Unsigned</div>
+
+            <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle mode">
+              <input id="modeToggle" type="checkbox" />
+              <span class="slider"></span>
+            </label>
+
+            <!-- keep this on ONE line -->
+            <div class="toggleLabel" id="lblTwos">Two&apos;s&nbsp;complement</div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="hint" id="modeHint">
+            Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="subCard">
+            <div class="subTitle">Bit width</div>
+
+            <div class="bitWidthRow">
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsDown" type="button" aria-label="Decrease bits">−</button>
+
+              <div class="bitInputWrap">
+                <div class="bitInputLabel">Bits</div>
+                <input
+                  id="bitsInput"
+                  class="bitInput"
+                  type="number"
+                  inputmode="numeric"
+                  min="1"
+                  max="64"
+                  step="1"
+                  value="8"
+                  aria-label="Number of bits"
+                />
+              </div>
+
+              <button class="miniBtn" id="btnBitsUp" type="button" aria-label="Increase bits">+</button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- Custom Number -->
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Custom Number</div>
+
+          <div class="controlsRow">
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomBinary" type="button">Custom Binary</button>
+            <button class="btn btnAccent btnHalf" id="btnCustomDenary" type="button">Custom Denary</button>
+          </div>
+
+          <button class="btn btnWide" id="btnRandom" type="button">Random</button>
+          <div class="hint">Random runs briefly then stops automatically.</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- Tools -->
+        <div class="card">
+          <div class="cardTitle">Tools</div>
+
+          <div class="toolRowCentered">
+            <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolDec" id="btnDec" type="button" aria-label="Decrement">▼</button>
+            <button class="toolBtn toolSpin toolInc" id="btnInc" type="button" aria-label="Increment">▲</button>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="toolRow2">
+            <button class="btn btnHalf" id="btnShiftLeft" type="button">Left Shift</button>
+            <button class="btn btnHalf" id="btnShiftRight" type="button">Right Shift</button>
+          </div>
+
+          <button class="btn btnReset btnWide" id="btnClear" type="button">Reset</button>
+        </div>
+      </aside>
+    </section>
+  </main>
+
+  <script type="module" src="/src/scripts/binary.js"></script>
+</BaseLayout>

src/src/pages/hexadecimal.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
+import HexSimulator from "../components/simulators/HexSimulator.astro";
+---
+
+<BaseLayout title="Hexadecimal | Computing:Box">
+  <HexSimulator />
+</BaseLayout>

src/src/pages/index.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+import Welcome from '../components/Welcome.astro';
+import Layout from '../layouts/Layout.astro';
+
+// Welcome to Astro! Wondering what to do next? Check out the Astro documentation at https://docs.astro.build
+// Don't want to use any of this? Delete everything in this file, the `assets`, `components`, and `layouts` directories, and start fresh.
+---
+
+<Layout>
+	<Welcome />
+</Layout>

src/src/scripts/binary.js

@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+// src/scripts/binary.js
+// Computing:Box — Binary page logic (Unsigned + Two's Complement)
+
+(() => {
+  /* -----------------------------
+     DOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  const bitsGrid = document.getElementById("bitsGrid");
+  const denaryEl = document.getElementById("denaryNumber");
+  const binaryEl = document.getElementById("binaryNumber");
+  const bitsInput = document.getElementById("bitsInput");
+
+  const modeToggle = document.getElementById("modeToggle");
+  const modeHint = document.getElementById("modeHint");
+
+  const btnCustomBinary = document.getElementById("btnCustomBinary");
+  const btnCustomDenary = document.getElementById("btnCustomDenary");
+  const btnShiftLeft = document.getElementById("btnShiftLeft");
+  const btnShiftRight = document.getElementById("btnShiftRight");
+
+  const btnDec = document.getElementById("btnDec");
+  const btnInc = document.getElementById("btnInc");
+  const btnClear = document.getElementById("btnClear");
+  const btnRandom = document.getElementById("btnRandom");
+
+  const btnBitsUp = document.getElementById("btnBitsUp");
+  const btnBitsDown = document.getElementById("btnBitsDown");
+
+  const toolboxToggle = document.getElementById("toolboxToggle");
+  const toolboxPanel = document.getElementById("toolboxPanel");
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     STATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  let bitCount = clampInt(Number(bitsInput?.value ?? 8), 1, 64);
+  let bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(false);
+  let randomTimer = null;
+
+  // For responsive wrapping of the top binary display
+  let nibblesPerLine = null;
+  let wrapMeasureSpan = null;
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     HELPERS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clampInt(n, min, max) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(n)) return min;
+    return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, Math.trunc(n)));
+  }
+
+  function isTwosMode() {
+    return !!modeToggle?.checked;
+  }
+
+  function pow2Big(n) {
+    return 1n << BigInt(n);
+  }
+
+  function unsignedMaxExclusive(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits);
+  }
+
+  function unsignedMaxValue(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits) - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function twosMin(nBits) {
+    return -pow2Big(nBits - 1);
+  }
+
+  function twosMax(nBits) {
+    return pow2Big(nBits - 1) - 1n;
+  }
+
+  function bitsToUnsignedBigInt() {
+    let v = 0n;
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      if (bits[i]) v += pow2Big(i);
+    }
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  function unsignedBigIntToBits(vUnsigned) {
+    const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+    const v = ((vUnsigned % span) + span) % span;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      bits[i] = ((v >> BigInt(i)) & 1n) === 1n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() {
+    const u = bitsToUnsignedBigInt();
+    const signBit = bits[bitCount - 1] === true;
+    if (!signBit) return u;
+    return u - pow2Big(bitCount);
+  }
+
+  function signedBigIntToBitsTwos(vSigned) {
+    const span = pow2Big(bitCount);
+    let v = ((vSigned % span) + span) % span;
+    unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+  }
+
+  function updateModeHint() {
+    if (!modeHint) return;
+    modeHint.textContent = isTwosMode()
+      ? "Tip: In two’s complement, the left-most bit (MSB) represents a negative value."
+      : "Tip: In unsigned binary, all bits represent positive values.";
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     TOP BINARY DISPLAY: responsive wrap by nibble count
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function ensureWrapMeasurer() {
+    if (wrapMeasureSpan || !binaryEl) return;
+    wrapMeasureSpan = document.createElement("span");
+    wrapMeasureSpan.style.position = "absolute";
+    wrapMeasureSpan.style.visibility = "hidden";
+    wrapMeasureSpan.style.whiteSpace = "pre";
+    wrapMeasureSpan.style.pointerEvents = "none";
+    // Inherit font/letterspacing from binaryEl
+    wrapMeasureSpan.style.font = getComputedStyle(binaryEl).font;
+    wrapMeasureSpan.style.letterSpacing = getComputedStyle(binaryEl).letterSpacing;
+    document.body.appendChild(wrapMeasureSpan);
+  }
+
+  function computeNibblesPerLine() {
+    if (!binaryEl) return null;
+    ensureWrapMeasurer();
+
+    // Available width = width of the readout area (binaryEl parent)
+    const host = binaryEl.parentElement;
+    if (!host) return null;
+
+    const hostW = host.getBoundingClientRect().width;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(hostW) || hostW <= 0) return null;
+
+    // Measure one nibble including trailing space ("0000 ")
+    wrapMeasureSpan.textContent = "0000 ";
+    const nibbleW = wrapMeasureSpan.getBoundingClientRect().width || 1;
+
+    // Safety: keep at least 1 nibble per line
+    const max = Math.max(1, Math.floor(hostW / nibbleW));
+    return max;
+  }
+
+  function formatBinaryWrapped() {
+    // EXACT bitCount digits (no padding to 4)
+    let raw = "";
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) raw += bits[i] ? "1" : "0";
+
+    // If <= 4 bits, do NOT insert spaces/newlines at all
+    if (bitCount <= 4) return raw;
+
+    const groups = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < raw.length; i += 4) {
+      groups.push(raw.slice(i, i + 4));
+    }
+
+    const perLine = nibblesPerLine ?? groups.length;
+    if (perLine >= groups.length) return groups.join(" ");
+
+    const lines = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < groups.length; i += perLine) {
+      lines.push(groups.slice(i, i + perLine).join(" "));
+    }
+    return lines.join("\n");
+  }
+
+  function refreshBinaryWrap() {
+    const next = computeNibblesPerLine();
+    // Only update if it actually changes (prevents jitter)
+    if (next !== nibblesPerLine) nibblesPerLine = next;
+    updateReadout(); // re-render with new wrap
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BUILD UI (BITS)
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function buildBits(count) {
+    bitCount = clampInt(count, 1, 64);
+    if (bitsInput) bitsInput.value = String(bitCount);
+
+    const oldBits = bits.slice();
+    bits = new Array(bitCount).fill(false);
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(oldBits.length, bitCount); i++) bits[i] = oldBits[i];
+
+    bitsGrid.innerHTML = "";
+
+    bitsGrid.classList.toggle("bitsFew", bitCount < 8);
+    if (bitCount < 8) {
+      bitsGrid.style.setProperty("--cols", String(bitCount));
+    } else {
+      bitsGrid.style.removeProperty("--cols");
+    }
+
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const bitEl = document.createElement("div");
+      bitEl.className = "bit";
+
+      bitEl.innerHTML = `
+        <div class="bulb" id="bulb-${i}" aria-hidden="true">💡</div>
+        <div class="bitVal" id="bitLabel-${i}"></div>
+        <label class="switch" aria-label="Toggle bit ${i}">
+          <input type="checkbox" data-index="${i}">
+          <span class="slider"></span>
+        </label>
+      `;
+
+      bitsGrid.appendChild(bitEl);
+    }
+
+    bitsGrid.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach((input) => {
+      input.addEventListener("change", () => {
+        const i = Number(input.dataset.index);
+        bits[i] = input.checked;
+        updateUI();
+      });
+    });
+
+    // bulb styling + 25% bigger (vs 26px previously)
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const bulb = document.getElementById(`bulb-${i}`);
+      if (!bulb) continue;
+      bulb.style.width = "auto";
+      bulb.style.height = "auto";
+      bulb.style.border = "none";
+      bulb.style.background = "transparent";
+      bulb.style.borderRadius = "0";
+      bulb.style.boxShadow = "none";
+      bulb.style.opacity = "0.45";
+      bulb.style.fontSize = "32px";
+      bulb.style.lineHeight = "1";
+      bulb.style.display = "flex";
+      bulb.style.alignItems = "center";
+      bulb.style.justifyContent = "center";
+      bulb.style.filter = "grayscale(1)";
+      bulb.textContent = "💡";
+    }
+
+    // wrapping may change when bit width changes
+    refreshBinaryWrap();
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     UI UPDATE
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function updateBitLabels() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const label = document.getElementById(`bitLabel-${i}`);
+      if (!label) continue;
+
+      if (isTwosMode() && i === bitCount - 1) {
+        // Keep on one line (CSS: white-space:nowrap)
+        label.textContent = `-${pow2Big(bitCount - 1).toString()}`;
+      } else {
+        label.textContent = pow2Big(i).toString();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function syncSwitchesToBits() {
+    bitsGrid.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach((input) => {
+      const i = Number(input.dataset.index);
+      input.checked = !!bits[i];
+    });
+  }
+
+  function updateBulbs() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const bulb = document.getElementById(`bulb-${i}`);
+      if (!bulb) continue;
+
+      const on = bits[i] === true;
+      if (on) {
+        bulb.style.opacity = "1";
+        bulb.style.filter = "grayscale(0)";
+        bulb.style.textShadow = "0 0 18px rgba(255,216,107,.75), 0 0 30px rgba(255,216,107,.45)";
+      } else {
+        bulb.style.opacity = "0.45";
+        bulb.style.filter = "grayscale(1)";
+        bulb.style.textShadow = "none";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function updateReadout() {
+    if (!denaryEl || !binaryEl) return;
+
+    denaryEl.textContent = (isTwosMode() ? bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() : bitsToUnsignedBigInt()).toString();
+    binaryEl.textContent = formatBinaryWrapped();
+  }
+
+  function updateUI() {
+    updateModeHint();
+    updateBitLabels();
+    syncSwitchesToBits();
+    updateBulbs();
+    updateReadout();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     SET FROM INPUT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setFromBinaryString(binStr) {
+    const clean = String(binStr ?? "").replace(/\s+/g, "");
+    if (!/^[01]+$/.test(clean)) return false;
+
+    const padded = clean.slice(-bitCount).padStart(bitCount, "0");
+    for (let i = 0; i < bitCount; i++) {
+      const charFromRight = padded[padded.length - 1 - i];
+      bits[i] = charFromRight === "1";
+    }
+
+    updateUI();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  function setFromDenaryInput(vStr) {
+    const raw = String(vStr ?? "").trim();
+    if (!raw) return false;
+
+    let v;
+    try {
+      if (!/^-?\d+$/.test(raw)) return false;
+      v = BigInt(raw);
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      if (v < min || v > max) return false;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      if (v < 0n) return false;
+      if (v > unsignedMaxValue(bitCount)) return false;
+      unsignedBigIntToBits(v);
+    }
+
+    updateUI();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     SHIFTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function shiftLeft() {
+    for (let i = bitCount - 1; i >= 1; i--) bits[i] = bits[i - 1];
+    bits[0] = false;
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function shiftRight() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      // arithmetic right shift: keep MSB
+      const msb = bits[bitCount - 1];
+      for (let i = 0; i < bitCount - 1; i++) bits[i] = bits[i + 1];
+      bits[bitCount - 1] = msb;
+    } else {
+      for (let i = 0; i < bitCount - 1; i++) bits[i] = bits[i + 1];
+      bits[bitCount - 1] = false;
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     CLEAR / INC / DEC
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function clearAll() {
+    bits.fill(false);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function increment() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      let v = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() + 1n;
+      if (v > max) v = min;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+      unsignedBigIntToBits((bitsToUnsignedBigInt() + 1n) % span);
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function decrement() {
+    if (isTwosMode()) {
+      const min = twosMin(bitCount);
+      const max = twosMax(bitCount);
+      let v = bitsToSignedBigIntTwos() - 1n;
+      if (v < min) v = max;
+      signedBigIntToBitsTwos(v);
+    } else {
+      const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+      unsignedBigIntToBits((bitsToUnsignedBigInt() - 1n + span) % span);
+    }
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     RANDOM
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function cryptoRandomBigInt(maxExclusive) {
+    if (maxExclusive <= 0n) return 0n;
+    const bitLen = maxExclusive.toString(2).length;
+    const byteLen = Math.ceil(bitLen / 8);
+
+    while (true) {
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(byteLen);
+      crypto.getRandomValues(bytes);
+
+      let x = 0n;
+      for (const b of bytes) x = (x << 8n) | BigInt(b);
+
+      const extraBits = BigInt(byteLen * 8 - bitLen);
+      if (extraBits > 0n) x = x >> extraBits;
+      if (x < maxExclusive) return x;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function setRandomOnce() {
+    const span = unsignedMaxExclusive(bitCount);
+    const u = cryptoRandomBigInt(span);
+    unsignedBigIntToBits(u);
+    updateUI();
+  }
+
+  function runRandomBriefly() {
+    if (randomTimer) {
+      clearInterval(randomTimer);
+      randomTimer = null;
+    }
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    const durationMs = 1125; // (your “~25% longer” vs 900ms)
+    const tickMs = 80;
+
+    randomTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      setRandomOnce();
+      if (Date.now() - start >= durationMs) {
+        clearInterval(randomTimer);
+        randomTimer = null;
+      }
+    }, tickMs);
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     BIT WIDTH CONTROLS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setBitWidth(n) {
+    buildBits(clampInt(n, 1, 64));
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     TOOLBOX TOGGLE (simple open/close state)
+  ----------------------------- */
+  function setToolboxOpen(open) {
+    document.body.classList.toggle("toolboxClosed", !open);
+    toolboxToggle?.setAttribute("aria-expanded", open ? "true" : "false");
+    refreshBinaryWrap(); // width changes when toolbox closes/opens
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     EVENTS
+  ----------------------------- */
+  modeToggle?.addEventListener("change", () => updateUI());
+
+  btnCustomBinary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(`Enter binary (spaces allowed). Current width: ${bitCount} bits`);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    if (!setFromBinaryString(v)) alert("Invalid binary");
+  });
+
+  btnCustomDenary?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const v = prompt(
+      isTwosMode()
+        ? `Enter denary (${twosMin(bitCount).toString()} to ${twosMax(bitCount).toString()}):`
+        : `Enter denary (0 to ${unsignedMaxValue(bitCount).toString()}):`
+    );
+    if (v === null) return;
+    if (!setFromDenaryInput(v)) alert("Invalid denary for current mode/bit width");
+  });
+
+  btnShiftLeft?.addEventListener("click", shiftLeft);
+  btnShiftRight?.addEventListener("click", shiftRight);
+
+  btnInc?.addEventListener("click", increment);
+  btnDec?.addEventListener("click", decrement);
+
+  btnClear?.addEventListener("click", clearAll);
+  btnRandom?.addEventListener("click", runRandomBriefly);
+
+  btnBitsUp?.addEventListener("click", () => setBitWidth(bitCount + 1));
+  btnBitsDown?.addEventListener("click", () => setBitWidth(bitCount - 1));
+
+  bitsInput?.addEventListener("change", () => setBitWidth(Number(bitsInput.value)));
+
+  toolboxToggle?.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const isOpen = !document.body.classList.contains("toolboxClosed");
+    setToolboxOpen(!isOpen);
+  });
+
+  // Recompute wrapping live when the window size changes
+  let resizeT = null;
+  window.addEventListener("resize", () => {
+    if (resizeT) clearTimeout(resizeT);
+    resizeT = setTimeout(() => refreshBinaryWrap(), 60);
+  });
+
+  /* -----------------------------
+     INIT
+  ----------------------------- */
+  updateModeHint();
+  buildBits(bitCount);
+  setToolboxOpen(true);
+})();

src/src/styles/binary.css

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*
+  Binary page styles (keeps the last-working simulator markup + binary.js).
+
+  Goals:
+  - Do NOT change any IDs/classes expected by src/scripts/binary.js
+  - Toolbox button toggles the ENTIRE right-hand column via body.toolboxClosed
+  - Fix toolbox button positioning (no overlap, consistent with header container)
+  - Fix spacing/consistency of cards + buttons
+  - Keep binary readout wrapping/bit-width behaviour from JS (\n in output)
+*/
+
+:root{
+  --panel-w: 360px;
+  --gap: 22px;
+}
+
+/* Page wrapper (inside BaseLayout .pageWrap) */
+.wrap{
+  max-width: 1400px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 22px 20px 48px;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 14px;
+}
+
+/* Toolbox toggle button (sits below navbar, aligned right, never overlaps) */
+.toolboxToggle{
+  align-self: flex-end;
+  position: sticky;
+  top: calc(var(--nav-h, 108px) + 14px);
+  z-index: 30;
+
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  height: 40px;
+  padding: 0 14px;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.toolboxToggle:hover{ background: rgba(255,255,255,.08); }
+.toolboxText{
+  letter-spacing: .12em;
+  font-weight: 900;
+}
+
+/* Main layout grid */
+.topGrid{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr var(--panel-w);
+  gap: var(--gap);
+  align-items: start;
+}
+
+/* Hide ENTIRE toolbox column when toggled closed */
+body.toolboxClosed .topGrid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
+body.toolboxClosed #toolboxPanel{ display: none; }
+
+.mainCol{ min-width: 0; }
+
+/* Readout */
+.readout{
+  text-align: center;
+  margin-top: 8px;
+}
+
+.label{
+  opacity: .8;
+  letter-spacing: .12em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+/* IMPORTANT: allow shrinking below 4 bits (no min-width!) */
+.num{
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: fit-content;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  white-space: pre-line; /* allows JS \n wraps */
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+}
+
+.denaryValue{
+  font-size: 54px;
+  margin: 6px 0 10px;
+}
+
+.binaryValue{
+  font-size: 56px;
+  margin: 4px 0 18px;
+}
+
+.divider{
+  height: 1px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  margin: 14px auto 24px;
+  max-width: 900px;
+}
+
+/* Bits area */
+.bitsWrap{ padding-top: 6px; }
+
+.bitsGrid{
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 24px;
+  justify-content: center;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(110px, 1fr));
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+}
+
+.bitsGrid.bitsFew{ justify-content: center; }
+
+.bit{
+  display: grid;
+  justify-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.bulb{
+  font-size: 32px; /* JS also bumps this */
+  line-height: 1;
+  opacity: .45;
+}
+
+.bitVal{
+  font-size: 22px;
+  line-height: 1.05;
+  text-align: center;
+  white-space: nowrap; /* keep -128 on one line */
+}
+
+/* Switch (existing classes assumed) */
+.switch{
+  position: relative;
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 52px;
+  height: 28px;
+}
+.switch input{ display:none; }
+.slider{
+  position:absolute;
+  inset:0;
+  border-radius:999px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.18);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
+}
+.slider:before{
+  content:"";
+  position:absolute;
+  height: 22px;
+  width: 22px;
+  left: 3px;
+  top: 2.5px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: #fff;
+  transition: transform .18s ease;
+}
+.switch input:checked + .slider:before{ transform: translateX(22px); }
+
+/* Toolbox column */
+.panelCol{
+  position: sticky;
+  top: calc(var(--nav-h, 108px) + 72px); /* leaves space for sticky toolbox button */
+  align-self: start;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+/* Cards */
+.card{
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.05);
+  padding: 14px;
+}
+
+.cardTitle{
+  opacity: .8;
+  letter-spacing: .14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.hint{
+  opacity: .7;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  margin-top: 10px;
+  line-height: 1.35;
+}
+
+/* Keep mode labels on one line */
+.toggleRow{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.toggleLabel{
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .12em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.subCard{
+  margin-top: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.12);
+  padding: 12px;
+}
+
+.subTitle{
+  opacity: .8;
+  letter-spacing: .14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.bitWidthRow{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr 44px;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.bitInputWrap{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+}
+
+.bitInputLabel{
+  opacity: .75;
+  letter-spacing: .14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.bitInput{
+  width: 100%;
+  min-width: 0;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  color: inherit;
+  font-size: 20px;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
+.miniBtn{
+  height: 44px;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.9);
+  font-size: 18px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.miniBtn:hover{ background: rgba(255,255,255,.08); }
+
+/* Buttons */
+.controlsRow{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.btn{
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
+  padding: 12px 12px;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .10em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.btn:hover{ background: rgba(255,255,255,.08); }
+
+.btnWide{ width: 100%; }
+
+.btnAccent{
+  background: rgba(0,255,140,.12);
+  border-color: rgba(0,255,140,.22);
+}
+.btnAccent:hover{ background: rgba(0,255,140,.16); }
+
+.toolRowCentered{
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+  margin: 10px 0 12px;
+}
+
+.toolBtn{
+  width: 56px;
+  height: 56px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
+  font-size: 18px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.toolDec{ background: rgba(255,0,0,.14); border-color: rgba(255,0,0,.20); }
+.toolInc{ background: rgba(0,255,140,.14); border-color: rgba(0,255,140,.20); }
+
+.toolRow2{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+}
+
+/* Reset stays white text */
+.btnReset{ color: rgba(255,255,255,.92); }
+
+/* Responsive */
+@media (max-width: 980px){
+  .topGrid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
+  .panelCol{ position: static; }
+  .toolboxToggle{ position: static; align-self: flex-start; }
+}

src/src/styles/global.css

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+:root{
+  --bg: #1f2027;
+  --panel: #22242d;
+  --panel2: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+  --text: #e8e8ee;
+  --muted: #a9acb8;
+  --accent: #33ff7a;
+  --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
+  --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+}
+
+*{ box-sizing:border-box; }
+
+body{
+  margin:0;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  background: var(--bg);
+  color: var(--text);
+}
+
+.siteHeader{
+  position: sticky;
+  top: 0;
+  z-index: 10;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.15);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+}
+
+.siteHeaderInner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  display:flex;
+  align-items:center;
+  justify-content:space-between;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.brand{
+  color: var(--text);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 900;
+  letter-spacing:.02em;
+}
+
+.nav{
+  display:flex;
+  gap: 14px;
+  flex-wrap:wrap;
+  justify-content:flex-end;
+}
+.nav a{
+  color: var(--muted);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+.nav a:hover{ color: var(--text); }
+
+.siteMain{
+  min-height: calc(100vh - 140px);
+}
+
+.siteFooter{
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  margin-top: 32px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+}
+
+.siteFooterInner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 18px 20px 26px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  line-height: 1.6;
+}
+
+.footerTitle{
+  color: var(--text);
+  opacity:.9;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  margin-bottom: 6px;
+}

src/src/styles/site.css

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+:root{
+  --bg: #1f2027;
+  --panel: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+  --panel-border: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  --text: #e8e8ee;
+  --muted: #a9acb8;
+  --accent: #33ff7a;
+  --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
+  --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+}
+
+*{ box-sizing: border-box; }
+
+body{
+  margin:0;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  background: var(--bg);
+  color: var(--text);
+}
+
+.site-header{
+  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.12);
+}
+
+.site-header__inner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  display:flex;
+  align-items:center;
+  justify-content:space-between;
+  gap: 18px;
+}
+
+.brand{
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .02em;
+}
+
+.nav{
+  display:flex;
+  gap: 14px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  justify-content:flex-end;
+}
+
+.nav__link{
+  color: var(--muted);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+.nav__link:hover{ color: var(--text); }
+
+.site-main{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 28px 20px 40px;
+  min-height: calc(100vh - 140px);
+}
+
+.site-footer{
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+}
+
+.site-footer__inner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 16px 20px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}

src/styles/base.css

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-/* src/styles/base.css */
-@import "./md3-tokens.css";
-html, body{ height:100%; }
-body{
- margin:0;
- font-family: var(--font-sans);
- background: var(--md-surface-2);
- color: var(--md-on-surface);
-}
-a{ color: var(--md-primary); text-decoration: none; }
-a:hover{ text-decoration: underline; }
-.container{
- max-width: 1100px;
- margin: 0 auto;
- padding: 16px;
-}
-.card{
- background: var(--md-surface);
- border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
- border-radius: var(--radius-2);
- box-shadow: var(--shadow-1);
- padding: 16px;
-}
-.btn{
- display:inline-flex;
- gap:8px;
- align-items:center;
- justify-content:center;
- border-radius: 999px;
- border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
- background: var(--md-surface);
- color: var(--md-on-surface);
- padding: 10px 14px;
- font-weight: 600;
- cursor: pointer;
-}
-.btn:hover{ filter: brightness(0.98); }
-.btn:focus{ outline:none; box-shadow: var(--md-focus); }
-.btn-primary{
- background: var(--md-primary);
- color: var(--md-on-primary);
- border-color: transparent;
-}
-.badge{
- display:inline-block;
- padding: 2px 10px;
- border-radius: 999px;
- font-size: 12px;
- border: 1px solid var(--md-outline);
- background: var(--md-surface-2);
-}
-code, pre{ font-family: var(--font-mono); }

src/styles/binary.css

@@ -1,68 +1,326 @@
-.binary-container {
-  max-width: 1100px;
-  margin: auto;
-  padding: 2rem;
-  color: #e0e0e0;
+/* Binary page styles (moved OUT of binary.astro) */
+
+:root{
+  --panel-w: 360px;
+  --gap: 22px;
 }
 
-.display {
-  text-align: center;
-}
-
-.label {
-  font-size: 1.2rem;
-  opacity: 0.7;
-}
-
-.number {
-  font-size: 3rem;
-  margin-bottom: 1rem;
-  color: #00ff66;
-}
-
-.controls {
-  margin-top: 1rem;
-}
-
-.controls button {
-  margin: 0.25rem;
-  padding: 0.6rem 1rem;
-  font-size: 1rem;
-}
-
-.bits {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(8, 1fr);
-  gap: 1rem;
-  margin-top: 3rem;
-}
-
-.bit {
-  width: 40px;
-  height: 80px;
-  background: #333;
-  border-radius: 20px;
+.wrap{
+  max-width: 1400px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 26px 20px 48px;
   position: relative;
+}
+
+.topGrid{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr var(--panel-w);
+  gap: var(--gap);
+  align-items: start;
+}
+
+/* When toolbox is hidden, reclaim space + centre content */
+body.toolboxClosed .topGrid{
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+}
+body.toolboxClosed #toolboxPanel{
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.mainCol{
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.readout{
+  text-align: center;
+  margin-top: 8px;
+}
+
+.label{
+  opacity: .8;
+  letter-spacing: .12em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+/* IMPORTANT: allow shrinking below 4 bits (no min-width!) */
+.num{
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: fit-content;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  white-space: pre-line; /* allows JS \n wraps */
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+}
+
+.denaryValue{
+  font-size: 54px;
+  margin: 6px 0 10px;
+}
+
+.binaryValue{
+  font-size: 56px;
+  margin: 4px 0 18px;
+}
+
+.divider{
+  height: 1px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  margin: 14px auto 24px;
+  max-width: 900px;
+}
+
+.bitsWrap{
+  padding-top: 6px;
+}
+
+.bitsGrid{
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 24px;
+  justify-content: center;
+}
+
+/* Default: a single row of bits (will wrap automatically as bit count grows) */
+.bitsGrid{
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(110px, 1fr));
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+}
+
+.bitsGrid.bitsFew{
+  justify-content: center;
+}
+
+/* Bit tile */
+.bit{
+  display: grid;
+  justify-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.bulb{
+  font-size: 32px; /* JS also bumps this */
+  line-height: 1;
+  opacity: .45;
+}
+
+.bitVal{
+  font-size: 22px;
+  line-height: 1.05;
+  text-align: center;
+  white-space: nowrap; /* keep -128 on one line */
+}
+
+/* Switch (existing classes assumed) */
+.switch{
+  position: relative;
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 52px;
+  height: 28px;
+}
+.switch input{ display:none; }
+.slider{
+  position:absolute;
+  inset:0;
+  border-radius:999px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.18);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
+}
+.slider:before{
+  content:"";
+  position:absolute;
+  height: 22px;
+  width: 22px;
+  left: 3px;
+  top: 2.5px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  background: #fff;
+  transition: transform .18s ease;
+}
+.switch input:checked + .slider:before{
+  transform: translateX(22px);
+}
+
+/* Toolbox toggle button */
+.toolboxToggle{
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 20px;
+  top: 18px;
+  z-index: 20;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  padding: 10px 14px;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.toolboxText{
+  letter-spacing: .12em;
+  font-weight: 900;
+}
+
+/* Toolbox panel */
+.panelCol{
+  position: sticky;
+  top: calc(var(--nav-h, 72px) + 18px);
+  align-self: start;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+/* Cards */
+.card{
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.05);
+  padding: 14px;
+}
+.cardTitle{
+  opacity: .8;
+  letter-spacing: .14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.hint{
+  opacity: .7;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  margin-top: 10px;
+  line-height: 1.35;
+}
+
+/* Keep mode labels on one line */
+.toggleRow{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+.toggleLabel{
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .12em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.subCard{
+  margin-top: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.12);
+  padding: 12px;
+}
+.subTitle{
+  opacity: .8;
+  letter-spacing: .14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+.bitWidthRow{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr 44px;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.bitInputWrap{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: center;
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+}
+.bitInputLabel{
+  opacity: .75;
+  letter-spacing: .14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.bitInput{
+  width: 100%;
+  min-width: 0;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  color: inherit;
+  font-size: 20px;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
+.miniBtn{
+  height: 44px;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.9);
+  font-size: 18px;
   cursor: pointer;
 }
 
-.bit::after {
-  content: "";
-  width: 32px;
-  height: 32px;
-  background: #555;
-  border-radius: 50%;
-  position: absolute;
-  bottom: 6px;
-  left: 4px;
-  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+/* Buttons */
+.controlsRow{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
 }
 
-.bit.on {
-  background: #00c853;
+.btn{
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
+  padding: 12px 12px;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .10em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.btnWide{ width: 100%; }
+
+.btnAccent{
+  background: rgba(0,255,140,.12);
+  border-color: rgba(0,255,140,.22);
 }
 
-.bit.on::after {
-  bottom: 42px;
-  background: #eaffea;
+.toolRowCentered{
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+  margin: 10px 0 12px;
+}
+
+.toolBtn{
+  width: 56px;
+  height: 56px;
+  border-radius: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
+  font-size: 18px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.toolDec{ background: rgba(255,0,0,.14); border-color: rgba(255,0,0,.20); }
+.toolInc{ background: rgba(0,255,140,.14); border-color: rgba(0,255,140,.20); }
+
+.toolRow2{
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 10px;
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+}
+
+/* Reset stays white text */
+.btnReset{
+  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92);
 }

src/styles/fonts.css

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "DSEG7";
-  src: url("/fonts/DSEG7Classic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");
-  font-weight: normal;
-  font-style: normal;
-}
-
-.dseg {
-  font-family: "DSEG7", monospace;
-  letter-spacing: 0.15em;
-}

src/styles/global.css

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+:root{
+  --bg: #1f2027;
+  --panel: #22242d;
+  --panel2: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+  --text: #e8e8ee;
+  --muted: #a9acb8;
+  --accent: #33ff7a;
+  --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
+  --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+}
+
+*{ box-sizing:border-box; }
+
+body{
+  margin:0;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  background: var(--bg);
+  color: var(--text);
+}
+
+.siteHeader{
+  position: sticky;
+  top: 0;
+  z-index: 10;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.15);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.06);
+}
+
+.siteHeaderInner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  display:flex;
+  align-items:center;
+  justify-content:space-between;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.brand{
+  color: var(--text);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 900;
+  letter-spacing:.02em;
+}
+
+.nav{
+  display:flex;
+  gap: 14px;
+  flex-wrap:wrap;
+  justify-content:flex-end;
+}
+.nav a{
+  color: var(--muted);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+.nav a:hover{ color: var(--text); }
+
+.siteMain{
+  min-height: calc(100vh - 140px);
+}
+
+.siteFooter{
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  margin-top: 32px;
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+}
+
+.siteFooterInner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 18px 20px 26px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  line-height: 1.6;
+}
+
+.footerTitle{
+  color: var(--text);
+  opacity:.9;
+  font-weight: 800;
+  margin-bottom: 6px;
+}

src/styles/md3-tokens.css

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/* src/styles/md3-tokens.css */
-/* MD3-inspired tokens tuned for education: high readability, clear contrast, calm surfaces */
-:root{
- /* Typography */
- --font-sans: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
- --font-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;
- /* Spacing + shape */
- --radius-1: 10px;
- --radius-2: 16px;
- --radius-3: 22px;
- --shadow-1: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.08), 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.06);
- /* Color roles (keep simple) */
- --md-surface: #ffffff;
- --md-surface-2: #f6f7fb;
- --md-on-surface: #111318;
- --md-primary: #2f6fed; /* calm blue */
- --md-on-primary: #ffffff;
- --md-secondary: #5a5f72; /* muted */
- --md-on-secondary: #ffffff;
- --md-tertiary: #0f766e; /* teal for "practical" tools */
- --md-on-tertiary: #ffffff;
- --md-outline: #d7dbe7;
- --md-success: #1a7f37;
- --md-warning: #b54708;
- --md-danger: #b42318;
- /* Focus ring for accessibility */
- --md-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(47,111,237,.28);
-}
-@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){
- :root{
- --md-surface: #0b0e14;
- --md-surface-2: #121725;
- --md-on-surface: #e8eaf2;
- --md-primary: #9bb6ff;
- --md-on-primary: #0b0e14;
- --md-secondary: #b8bccd;
- --md-on-secondary: #0b0e14;
- --md-tertiary: #4fd1c5;
- --md-on-tertiary: #0b0e14;
- --md-outline: #2b3244;
- --md-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(155,182,255,.25);
- }
-}

src/styles/site.css

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+:root{
+  --bg: #1f2027;
+  --panel: rgba(255,255,255,.04);
+  --panel-border: rgba(255,255,255,.10);
+  --text: #e8e8ee;
+  --muted: #a9acb8;
+  --accent: #33ff7a;
+  --accent-dim: rgba(51,255,122,.15);
+  --line: rgba(255,255,255,.12);
+}
+
+*{ box-sizing: border-box; }
+
+body{
+  margin:0;
+  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  background: var(--bg);
+  color: var(--text);
+}
+
+.site-header{
+  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.12);
+}
+
+.site-header__inner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  display:flex;
+  align-items:center;
+  justify-content:space-between;
+  gap: 18px;
+}
+
+.brand{
+  font-weight: 800;
+  letter-spacing: .02em;
+}
+
+.nav{
+  display:flex;
+  gap: 14px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  justify-content:flex-end;
+}
+
+.nav__link{
+  color: var(--muted);
+  text-decoration:none;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+.nav__link:hover{ color: var(--text); }
+
+.site-main{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 28px 20px 40px;
+  min-height: calc(100vh - 140px);
+}
+
+.site-footer{
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
+  background: rgba(0,0,0,.10);
+}
+
+.site-footer__inner{
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 16px 20px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}